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<h1 class="article-header__title js-article-title js-page-title">Rabbi Yichayah Halévi Horowitz</h1>
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<h2 class="article-header__subtitle">Le «Cheloh Hakadoche» (1558-1628)</h2>
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<p>Rabbi Yichayah (Isaïe) Halévi Horowitz naquit dans la ville bien connue de Prague en l'an 5318 (1558) il y a plus de quatre siècles.</p>
<p>Son père, Rabbi <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="37397">Abraham</span> bar Rabbi Chabtaï Cheftel Halévi, était un <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="41164">Gaon</span> célèbre, auteur de nombre d'ouvrages (<i>Yèche Nokhaline, Emek Brakhah, '<span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="38931">Hessed</span> LeAvraham, Brith <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="37418">Avraham</span></i>). Il fut le premier maître de son fils. Plus tard, toute la famille quitta Prague pour Cracovie, en Pologne, et de là pour Lublin, où Rabbi Yichayah fréquenta la célèbre yéchiva du MaHaRaM. Il épousa 'Hayah, la fille de l'un des chefs de la communauté de Vienne, Rabbi Abraham Moul.</p>
<p>Rabbi Yichayah Halévi Horowitz est connu sous le nom de « <i>Cheloh Hakadoche</i> » (le saint <i>Cheloh</i>) d'après sa grande œuvre <i>Chnei Lou'hoth Habrith</i> (dont <i>CheLoH</i> est l'acrostiche). Très tôt, il est reconnu comme un grand Gaon et participe aux réunions du « Vaad Arba Aratsot » (Conseil des Quatre Pays) à côté des plus éminents rabbins de sa génération. Il occupa des fonctions rabbiniques dans diverses communautés, à Dubno, Ostrow, Posen, Cracovie, Vienne et Francfort, où il dirigea d'importantes yéchivoth, dispensant ses enseignements à un grand nombre d'étudiants.</p>
<p>Quand les Juifs furent chassés de Francfort le 27 Eloul de l'an 5375 (1615), Rabbi Yichayah s'exila lui aussi. Plus tard, il fut nommé grand rabbin de Prague, sa ville natale, poste qu'il occupa pendant sept ans. Au début, il partagea ces fonctions avec l'éminent Rabbi Efraïm Luntschitz (auteur de « <i>Oléloth Efraïm </i>»), et à la mort de ce dernier, le 7 lyar 5379 (1619), le <i>Cheloh</i> assuma seul cette haute charge. Il la garda jusqu'à son départ pour Erets Israël en l'an 5381 (1621).</p>
<p>Il avait toujours eu le désir d'aller vivre en Terre Sainte. La mort de sa femme en 5380 (1620) le décida à réaliser le projet qui lui tenait à cœur. Il renonça à la charge qui pourtant l'intéressait beaucoup, dit adieu à ses enfants et à ses petits-enfants, et partit pour ce long voyage qui devait le mener au pays de ses ancêtres. Sa peine fut grande de se séparer du fils qu'il chérissait, Rabbi Cheftel, qui était déjà lui-même un Gaon. Rabbi Yichayah s'arrêta à Venise et à d'autres escales où il fut accueilli avec beaucoup d'honneurs.</p>
<p>Le vendredi 6 <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="38894">Kislev</span> en l'an 5382 (fin de 1621), il arrive dans la ville sainte de Jérusalem. La communauté achkénazite le nomme aussitôt grand rabbin.</p>
<p>En Terre Sainte, il arrangea son Siddour (Livre de Prières) intitulé <i>Chaar Hachamayime</i> (la Porte du Ciel). Il lui donna ce titre pour la raison que numériquement le mot « <i>Hachamayim</i> » égale celui de Yichayah (395), et aussi parce que Rabbi Yichayah était arrivé à Jérusalem un vendredi ; or, la section hebdomadaire à lire dans la <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="39995">Torah</span> était Vayétsé qui contient les mots « <i>Vézeh Chaar Hachamayim</i> » que notre père <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="40020">Jacob</span> prononça en s'éveillant de son rêve céleste.</p>
<p>Le Siddour fut imprimé par son arrière-petit-fils, Rabbi Abraham, en l'an 5477 (1717), avec la <i>Haskamah</i> (approbation écrite) du <i>Bakh</i>, du <i>Tosfoth Yom-Tov</i>, et d'autres rabbins éminents de cette période.</p>
</section><section><h2>Chnei Lou'hoth Habrith</h2>
<p>Deux ans après son arrivée en Erets Israël, il termine son gigantesque <i>Chnei Lou'hoth Habrith</i> (« Deux Tables de l'Alliance » ) connu par tous sous le nom de « <i>Cheloh Hakadoche</i> ».</p>
<p>L'année où le <i>Cheloh</i> s'installa à Jérusalem était une année de <i>Chmittah</i> (année Chabbatique). Celle qui avait précédé ayant été une année de sécheresse et de famine, on était enclin à une certaine tiédeur dans l'observance de la <i>Chmittah</i>. Mais le Cheloh, lui, condamnait tout relâchement, en dépit de la situation difficile où se trouvait le pays.</p>
<p>Au début du séjour de Rabbi Yichayah à Jérusalem, Mahmoud Pacha était gouverneur de la ville. Son intégrité et ses sentiments amicaux à l'égard des Juifs contribuaient à faire à ces derniers une vie assez acceptable. Mais en l'an 5385 (1625), un riche Arabe de Jérusalem nommé Ibn Farouk vint troubler cette paix précaire. Au physique, il était borgne ; au moral, méchant et cruel.</p>
<p>Il acheta la complicité du Gouverneur de Damas et, le dernier Chabbat du mois de Tévet, il entra dans la Ville Sainte à la tête de trois cents hommes armés. Désormais maître de la situation, il commença à persécuter les Juifs et employa tous les moyens propres à leur extorquer le plus d'argent qu'il pouvait. Un jour de Chabbat, le 11 Eloul, il envoya ses soldats dans les deux synagogues des Achkénazim et des Sefaradim ; ils y arrêtèrent quinze rabbins, dont le <i>Cheloh</i>.</p>
<p>Ibn Farouk réclama une rançon énorme. Les rabbins demeurèrent en prison jusqu'à Roch Hachana. C'est alors qu'ils furent libérés grâce aux efforts surhumains de la communauté et au paiement d'une très grosse somme. La vie des Juifs était désormais en danger.</p>
<p>Au mois de Tévet, Rabbi Yichayah et un grand nombre d'Achkénazim fuirent Jérusalem et se rendirent à Tsfat (Safed). Plus tard, le <i>Cheloh</i> s'établit à Tibériade où il put enfin terminer son œuvre magnifique et proprement gigantesque, <i>Chnei Lou'hoth Habrith</i>, qu'il envoya à ses enfants à Prague. Trois ans après, il mourait à l'âge de soixante-dix ans. Dans ses dernières volontés, il demandait qu'à sa mort l'annonce suivante fût faite dans toutes les synagogues et les maisons d'étude (<i>Batei Midrache</i>) à Tibériade et à Safed :</p>
<blockquote>
<p>« Amis ! Rabbi Yichayah Halévi Ségal Horowitz est mort. Il a demandé qu'aucun <i>Hespède</i> (éloge funèbre) ne soit prononcé en son honneur ; que seulement des prières spéciales soient récitées les sept premiers jours et le jour anniversaire de son décès. »</p>
</blockquote>
<p>La tombe du saint <i>Cheloh</i> voisine à Tibériade avec celles de Rabbi Yo'hanan <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="41943">ben</span> Zackaï et de Maïmonide.</p>
<p><i>Chnei Lou'hoth Habrith</i> fut écrit par le <i>Cheloh</i> à l'intention de ses enfants et petits-enfants. Son fils Rabbi Chabtaï, qui était grand rabbin de Posen et des environs, publia le <i>Cheloh</i> pour la première fois en l'an 5408 (1648), à Amsterdam, y ajoutant son propre ouvrage <i>Vavéi HaAmoudim</i>. Cinquante ans plus tard, en l'an 5458 (1698, l'année où naquit le Baal Chem Tov), le <i>Cheloh</i> fut imprimé une seconde fois à Amsterdam et fut accueilli avec beaucoup de faveur. Depuis, il a été réimprimé à plusieurs reprises et n'a cessé de connaître un légitime succès.</p>
</section><section><h2>Une énorme influence</h2>
<p>Tsfat et Tibériade étaient alors les centres d'étude de la <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="36088">Kabbalah</span> qu'enseignaient le saint Ari et son disciple Rabbi 'Haïm Vital. Rabbi <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="31689">Joseph Caro</span> (auteur du <i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="41020">Beth</span> Yossef</i> et du <i>Choul'hane Aroukh</i>) comptait parmi les plus grands et les plus célèbres Kabbalistes de Tsfat. Le saint <i>Cheloh</i> consacra, lui aussi, beaucoup de son temps à l'étude de la <a href="/kabbalah/default_cdo/jewish/KabbalaOnlineorg.htm" title="Kabbalah Online">Kabbalah</a>, qui constitua la base de son remarquable ouvrage. Ainsi, le <i>Cheloh</i> contient des explications et des commentaires sur les aspects les plus profonds de la <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1426382/jewish/Torah.htm" title="What Is the Torah?">Torah</a> et des Mitsvot, sur les fêtes et d'autres caractéristiques de la vie juive. L'oeuvre est imprégnée de sainteté, de piété et de la crainte de Dieu, de l'amour de la Torah et des Juifs. L'auteur a vraiment mérité le titre de <i>Cheloh</i> <i>Hakadoche</i> ; il fut en effet un saint, et son enseignement fut celui d'un saint.</p>
<p>Outre le <i>Cheloh</i> et le <i>Siddour Chaar hachamayim</i> accompagné d'explications sur les prières, Rabbi Yichayah écrivit d'autres ouvrages, dont le <i>Séfère Mitsvot</i> et les <i>Tefiline</i>.</p></section></div>
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