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<h1 class="article-header__title js-article-title js-page-title">Lorsque la veille de Pessa’h tombe un Chabbat</h1>
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<p>Environ une fois tous les neuf ans, la fête de Pessa’h commence un samedi soir. Autrement dit, la veille de <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/495199/jewish/Pessah-2026.htm" title="Pessa’h 2026">Pessa’h</a> – <i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="41123">Erev</span> Pessa’h</i> – tombe un Chabbat, ce qui implique un ensemble de lois et de directives spécifiques. Parcourons-les de manière chronologique.</p>
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<sl-menu-label variant="content" spacing="default">Dans cet article:</sl-menu-label>
<a href="#Le">
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<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>Le jeûne des premiers-nés</sl-menu-item>
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<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>La recherche du ‘hamets</sl-menu-item>
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<a href="#Ladestruction">
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<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>La destruction du ‘hamets</sl-menu-item>
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<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>La vente du ‘hamets</sl-menu-item>
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<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>Consommer du ‘hamets le Chabbat</sl-menu-item>
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<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>Chabbat Hagadol</sl-menu-item>
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<a href="#Pr%C3%A9parer">
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<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>Préparer le Séder</sl-menu-item>
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</section><section><h2 id="Le">Le jeûne des premiers-nés</h2>
<p>Il est de tradition ancienne que <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1897/jewish/Le-jene-des-premiers-ns.htm" title="Le jeûne des premiers nés">les premiers-nés jeûnent</a> la veille de Pessa’h. Or, comme il est (en général) interdit de jeûner le jour du Chabbat, jour de festin, et que l’on évite aussi de jeûner un vendredi, afin de ne pas affecter la joie de Chabbat, ce jeûne est avancé au jeudi 12 <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="38766">Nissan</span>. La coutume la plus répandue est que les premiers-nés participent à un <i>siyoum</i> ou à un autre événement festif leur permettant de rompre le jeûne et de manger ensuite librement. Cela se fait donc également le jeudi.</p>
</section><section><h2 id="La">La recherche du ‘hamets</h2>
<p>La veille de Pessa’h, on procède à une recherche minutieuse du <i><a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1898/jewish/Opration-zro-hamets.htm" title="Opération zéro ‘hamets"><i>‘hamets</i></a></i> (dont la possession et la consommation sont interdites durant Pessa’h) à la lueur d’une bougie. Cette recherche ne pouvant être accomplie un vendredi soir, étant donné qu’il s’agit de Chabbat, elle est avancée au jeudi soir, après la tombée de la nuit.</p>
<p><b><a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/869579/jewish/La-recherche-et-llimination-du-Hamets.htm" title="La recherche et l’élimination du ‘Hamets"><b>Comment effectuer la recherche du ‘hamets</b></a></b></p>
</section><section><h2 id="Ladestruction">La destruction du ‘hamets</h2>
<p>Les derniers restes de <i>‘hamets</i> doivent être détruits la veille de Pessa’h, avant la fin de la cinquième heure halakhique du jour. Cela n’étant pas possible le jour de Chabbat, le brûlage du <i>‘hamets</i> est donc avancé au vendredi, à la même heure. On veille toutefois à conserver juste ce qu’il faut de <i>‘hamets</i> pour les repas du vendredi soir et du Chabbat matin.</p>
</section><section><h2 id="Lavente">La vente du ‘hamets</h2>
<p>Tout <i>‘hamets</i> que l’on souhaite conserver pour une utilisation après Pessa’h doit être vendu à un non-Juif, puis racheté après la fête. Cette vente a généralement lieu le matin de la veille de Pessa’h. Il est interdit d’effectuer toute transaction le jour de Chabbat ; la vente est donc réalisée le vendredi par le rabbin, au nom de sa communauté.</p>
<p><b><a href="/holidays/passover/sell_chometz_cdo/jewish/Sell-Your-Chametz-Online.htm" title="Sell Your Chametz Online"><b>Vendez votre ‘hamets en ligne</b></a></b></p>
</section><section><h2 id="Consommer">Consommer du ‘hamets le Chabbat</h2>
<p>La maison ne pouvant être nettoyée le jour de Chabbat, tous les préparatifs doivent être terminés avant Chabbat. Toutefois, il demeure une mitsva de consommer du pain lors des repas du vendredi soir et du Chabbat matin.</p>
<p>Il est également interdit de consommer de la <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/4349441/jewish/Quest-ce-que-la-Matsa.htm" title="Qu’est-ce que la Matsa?">matsa</a> à ce moment-là, afin de pouvoir en savourer pleinement le goût lors du Séder. (Il est possible de manger de la matsa <i>achira</i>, comme les matsot aux œufs casher pour Pessa’h, car elles ne peuvent être utilisées pour le Séder. Selon la coutume ashkénaze, les personnes en bonne santé doivent terminer de manger cette matsa <i>achira</i> avant l’heure limite de consommation du <i>‘hamets</i>, tout comme le pain.)</p>
<p>En pratique, on garde un petit peu de <i>‘hamets</i>, soigneusement tenu à l’écart de nos aliments et ustensiles, qui sont désormais strictement casher pour Pessa’h.</p>
<p>Le Chabbat matin, l’office est avancé afin de pouvoir terminer le repas de Chabbat, qui requiert deux pains (des <i>‘hallot</i>, donc du <i>‘hamets</i>), avant l’heure limite.</p>
<p>En pratique, il est conseillé de préparer des petits pains individuels, un par repas et par personne, à distribuer et à consommer sans avoir à utiliser de couteau.</p>
<p>Veillez à consommer tout le <i>‘hamets</i> réservé pour Chabbat avant l’heure limite (<a href="/calendar/zmanim.asp?hdate=1/14">dont vous pouvez consulter l’horaire ici</a>), car il est interdit, le jour de Chabbat, de vendre, de brûler ou même de jeter le <i>‘hamets</i> à l’extérieur. Tout reste de <i>‘hallot</i> ou de miettes devra être jeté dans les toilettes. On prononce alors la seconde déclaration <i>Kol ‘Hamira</i>, renonçant à la propriété de toute trace de <i>‘hamets</i> qui pourrait subsister.</p>
</section><section><h2 id="Chabbat">Chabbat Hagadol</h2>
<p>Le Chabbat précédent Pessa’h est appelé <i>Chabbat Hagadol</i>, « le Grand Chabbat » (<a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/3975976/jewish/Pourquoi-le-Chabbat-avant-Pessah-est-il-appel-Chabbat-Hagadol.htm" title="Pourquoi le Chabbat avant Pessa’h est-il appelé “Chabbat Hagadol”?">voyez pourquoi ici</a>). La coutume ‘Habad est de ne lire la <i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="37793">haftara</span></i> spéciale de Chabbat Hagadol<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('1a6842542');" name="footnoteRef1a6842542">1</a> que les années où ce Chabbat précède immédiatement Pessa’h.</p>
<p>Comme chaque Chabbat Hagadol, après l’office de Min’ha, il est de coutume de lire un passage de la <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="36139">Haggadah</span>, en débutant par les mots <i>avadim hayinou</i> – « Nous étions esclaves... »</p>
<p><b><a href="/holidays/passover/pesach_cdo/aid/4699161/jewish/Imprimer-une-Haggadah.htm" title="Imprimer une Haggadah"><b>Imprimez une Haggadah ici</b></a></b></p>
</section><section><h2 id="Préparer">Préparer le <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/528373/jewish/Le-Sder.htm" title="Le Séder">Séder</a></h2>
<p>Le Chabbat étant un jour de repos, il est interdit d’y faire des préparatifs en vue de la fête qui suit. Ainsi, mettre la table, cuisiner ou préparer quoi que ce soit ne pourra être fait qu’après la tombée de la nuit, samedi soir.</p>
<p>Avant d’entreprendre le moindre préparatif, on dira : <i>Baroukh hamavdil beïn kodech lekodech</i> – « Béni soit Celui qui distingue entre le sacré (le Chabbat) et le sacré (la fête) ». (La <i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="37593">Havdala</span></i> complète est incluse dans le <i>Kiddouch</i> de <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="37453">Yom Tov</span>, comme indiqué dans votre <a href="/holidays/passover/pesach_cdo/aid/5489150/jewish/La-Haggadah.htm" title="La Haggadah">Haggadah</a>.)</p>
<p>Même si la cuisine est permise pendant <a href="/holidays/default_cdo/jewish/Jewish-Holidays.htm" title="Jewish Holidays and Festivals">Yom Tov</a> (sous certaines conditions), il est interdit d’allumer un feu à partir de rien. Ainsi, si vous souhaitez utiliser le four ou la cuisinière durant <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/987501/jewish/Les-lois-de-Yom-Tov.htm">Yom Tov</a>, assurez-vous que le feu soit déjà allumé avant Chabbat, tout en gardant à l’esprit que la cuisson demeure interdite durant Chabbat.</p>
<p><b><a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/655594/jewish/Le-plateau-du-Sder.htm" title="Le plateau du Séder"><b>Le plateau du Séder</b></a></b></p></section></div>
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