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<div class="co_body article-body cf"><section><h2>Question :</h2>
<p>J’ai remarqué que dans <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/2447811/jewish/Le-Chma.htm" title="Le Chéma">la prière quotidienne du Chéma</a>, par laquelle nous proclamons l’unicité de D.ieu en disant : « Écoute Israël, l’Éternel est notre <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1849908/jewish/Dieu.htm" title="Dieu">D.ieu</a>, l’Éternel est Un »,<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('1a6761099');" name="footnoteRef1a6761099">1</a> nous ajoutons à voix basse un autre verset : <i>Baroukh chem kévod malkhouto léolam vaèd</i>, « Béni soit le nom de la gloire de Son royaume à tout jamais ».</p>
<p>Je ne trouve pas ce verset dans la Bible. Quelle est sa source ? Pourquoi l’ajoutons-nous à l’une des <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1425031/jewish/La-prire-dans-le-judasme.htm" title="La prière dans le judaïsme">prières juives</a> les plus fondamentales, et pourquoi le disons-nous à voix basse ?</p>
</section><section><h2>Réponse :</h2>
<p>Vous avez raison, cette phrase ne figure pas dans la Bible. Sa première mention figure dans le <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="38919">Talmud</span>, dans une discussion qui aborde exactement votre interrogation<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('2a6761099');" name="footnoteRef2a6761099">2</a>  :</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Pourquoi disons-nous ces mots [« Béni soit le nom de la gloire de Son royaume à tout jamais »] ?</p>
<p>Rabbi Chimone <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="41943">ben</span> Lakich dit : « Et <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="40020">Jacob</span> appela ses fils et dit : “Rassemblez-vous et je vais vous révéler” ».<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('3a6761099');" name="footnoteRef3a6761099">3</a> [Que souhaitait-il leur révéler ?] Jacob voulait leur révéler le moment où surviendrait la <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/710293/jewish/Machiah.htm" title="Machia’h">Fin des Temps</a>, mais la présence divine s’éloigna de lui [et il ne le sut plus].</p>
<p>Jacob demanda : « Peut-être [que cela est arrivé parce que] ma descendance comporte une imperfection », car d’<span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="37397">Abraham</span> naquit Ichmaël et d’Its’hak naquit Essav. [De même, l’un de mes enfants pourrait être idolâtre.]</p>
<p>Ses enfants répondirent : « Écoute Israël, l’Éternel est notre D.ieu, l’Éternel est Un. De même que tu n’as qu’un seul D.ieu dans ton cœur, nous n’avons, nous aussi, qu’un seul D.ieu dans notre cœur. »</p>
<p>Alors Jacob dit : « Béni soit le nom de la gloire de Son royaume à tout jamais. »</p>
<p>Les Sages s’interrogèrent : « Devons-nous réciter ces mots [dans le cadre de la prière du Chéma] ? Moïse ne l’a pas consigné [dans la Bible]. Ne devrions-nous pas le dire [si] Jacob l’a dit ? »</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Ils décrétèrent donc que ce verset soit récité à voix basse.</p>
<p>Nos Sages, dans le <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="37815">Midrash</span>, relatent cet événement différemment :</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Lorsque Jacob était sur le point de quitter ce monde, il convoqua tous ses enfants et leur dit : « Peut-être qu’après mon départ, vous vous tournerez vers une autre divinité. »</p>
<p>Ils répondirent : « Écoute Israël, l’Éternel est notre D.ieu, l’Éternel est Un. »</p>
<p>Et Jacob répondit à voix basse : « Béni soit le nom de la gloire de Son royaume à tout jamais. »</p>
<p>Et que disent leurs descendants aujourd’hui ? « Écoute, notre père Israël,<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('4a6761099');" name="footnoteRef4a6761099">4</a> l’enseignement que tu as transmis [à nos ancêtres], nous perpétuons cette pratique jusqu’à ce jour, [et nous croyons que] l’Éternel est notre D.ieu, l’Éternel est Un. »<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('5a6761099');" name="footnoteRef5a6761099">5</a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Ces récits expliquent le lien entre cette proclamation et le <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/2447811/jewish/Le-Chma.htm" title="Le Chéma">Chéma</a>, ainsi que la raison pour laquelle nous le disons à voix basse. Cependant, nos Sages nous racontent une autre histoire pour expliquer pourquoi, le jour de l’Expiation (Yom Kippour), nous disons ce verset à voix haute :</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Lorsque Moïse s’éleva vers les cieux pour recevoir la <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="39995">Torah</span> de D.ieu, il entendit les anges louer D.ieu : « Béni soit le nom de la gloire de Son royaume à tout jamais. » Après avoir entendu cela, Moïse l’apporta aux Juifs sur terre.</p>
<p>Et pourquoi ne le dit-on pas à voix haute ?</p>
<p>Rabbi Assi explique : « C’est comparable à quelqu’un qui aurait pris un bijou du palais du roi et l’aurait donné à sa femme, en lui disant : “Ne le porte pas en public, seulement à la maison” [de peur que les serviteurs du roi ne le remarquent et le récupèrent]. [Ce verset, qui a été pris aux anges, du palais de D.ieu, nous ne le disons pas à voix haute.] Cependant, à <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/567990/jewish/Yom-Kippour.htm" title="Yom Kippour">Yom Kippour</a>, nous nous apparentons aux anges, et nous le disons à voix haute en public. »<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('6a6761099');" name="footnoteRef6a6761099">6</a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Rabbi ‘Hanokh Zundel ben Yossef de Bialystok (décédé en 1867) explique qu’en vérité, nous, les mortels, ne sommes pas à même de bénir D.ieu, car nous ne sommes pas assez liés au spirituel et au divin. Pour les anges, qui sont perpétuellement en lien avec le divin, il est approprié de bénir D.ieu. C’est pourquoi Moïse nous a dit de dire ce verset humblement, à voix basse, à nous mêmes. Cependant, le jour le plus saint de l’année, lorsque les Juifs atteignent et manifestent ouvertement cette proximité avec le divin, et s’apparentent aux anges, nous le disons à voix haute.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('7a6761099');" name="footnoteRef7a6761099">7</a></p>
<p>Pour approfondir ce sujet, lisez <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/6761088/jewish/Exprimer-lunicit-la-prire-du-Chma.htm">Exprimer l’unicité: la prière du Chéma</a> et <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/2447811/jewish/Le-Chma.htm" title="Le Chéma">le texte du Chéma</a>.</p></section></div>
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<div id="footnoteTR1a6761099" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote1a6761099" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef1a6761099">1.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Deutéronome 6,4. Les autres paragraphes de la prière du Chéma figurent dans Deutéronome 6,5-9, 11,13-21, et Nombres 15,37-41.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR2a6761099" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote2a6761099" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef2a6761099">2.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Traité Pessa’him 56a.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR3a6761099" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote3a6761099" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef3a6761099">3.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Genèse 49,1.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR4a6761099" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote4a6761099" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef4a6761099">4.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Jacob reçut de D.ieu le nom supplémentaire d’“Israël” (voir Genèse 32,29).</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR5a6761099" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote5a6761099" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef5a6761099">5.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Devarim Rabba 2:35.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR6a6761099" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote6a6761099" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef6a6761099">6.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p><em>Ibid.</em> 2:36.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR7a6761099" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote7a6761099" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef7a6761099">7.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Commentaire du Ets Yossef, <i>loc. cit.</i></p>
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