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<h1 class="article-header__title js-article-title js-page-title">Qu’est-ce qu’une Ménorah (‘Hanoukia)?</h1>
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A Chanukah menorah on the eighth night, using oil.
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</section><section><h2>Qu’est-ce qu’une Ménorah ?</h2>
<p>Le mot « ménorah » signifie « lampe » en hébreu et désigne généralement soit le chandelier d’or à sept branches que l’on allumait quotidiennement dans le <a href="/parshah/article_cdo/aid/2471688/jewish/En-quoi-consistait-le-Tabernacle-Michkane.htm" title="En quoi consistait le Tabernacle (Michkane)?">Tabernacle</a>, puis dans le <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/705757/jewish/Le-Saint-Temple.htm" title="Le Saint Temple">Saint Temple de Jérusalem</a>, soit le chandelier à huit flammes que l’on allume pendant les huit nuits de la <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/594458/jewish/Quest-ce-que-Hanouka.htm" title="Qu’est-ce que ‘Hanouka?">fête juive de ‘Hanouka</a>.</p>
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</section><section><h2 id="La">La Ménorah du Temple</h2>
<p>D.ieu indique à Moïse l’apparence que doit avoir la ménorah.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('1a6717880');" name="footnoteRef1a6717880">1</a> Façonnée par martelage d’un unique bloc d’or <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="41959">pur</span>, elle comprend une tige centrale d’où s’élèvent six branches <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/5581422/jewish/Pourquoi-insister-sur-la-reprsentation-dune-Mnorah-branches-droites.htm">en diagonale</a>. À l’extrémité de chacune des branches, ainsi que sur la tige centrale, se trouvent des coupes destinées à recevoir l’huile d’olive et les mèches. La ménorah est une œuvre d’une grande complexité, comportant neuf fleurs décoratives, onze bulbes et vingt-deux coupes inversées.</p>
<div align="Right" class="imagetable right widen" width="250" >
<div class="imagecell">
<img src="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/991/TgoK9913835.jpg?_i=_n4CA84D5D57C28D2CD55CE5C424EAC03B" alt="An illustration of the Temple menorah drawn by Maimonides" title="An illustration of the Temple menorah drawn by Maimonides" srcset="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/991/TgoK9913835.jpg?_i=_n4CA84D5D57C28D2CD55CE5C424EAC03B 250w" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 250px, 100vw" loading="lazy" />
</div>
<div class="captioncell">
<div>
An illustration of <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="20253">the Temple menorah</span> drawn by <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33023">Maimonides</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>La ménorah était placée dans le Saint (Kodech), la même pièce du <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33058">Tabernacle</span> qui abritait la table des <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/4451780/jewish/Le-Pain-de-Proposition.htm" title="Le Pain de Proposition">pains de proposition</a> (<i>Choul’hane</i>) et l’autel d’or des encens (<i>mizbéa’h hazahav</i>). Chaque jour, <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="40204">Aaron</span> le Grand Prêtre (ou ses successeurs) allumait la ménorah.</p>
<p>Fabriquée dans le désert avec le reste du <a href="/parshah/article_cdo/aid/2471688/jewish/En-quoi-consistait-le-Tabernacle-Michkane.htm" title="En quoi consistait le Tabernacle (Michkane)?">Tabernacle</a>, la ménorah fut apportée en Terre Promise, où on continua de l’allumer fidèlement à Chilo, Nov et dans les autres lieux où le <a href="/parshah/article_cdo/aid/2133493/jewish/What-Was-the-Tabernacle-Mishkan.htm" title="What Was the Tabernacle (Mishkan)?">Tabernacle</a> fut érigé. Lorsque Salomon construisit le premier <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="38782">Temple</span> à Jérusalem, la ménorah y fut allumée jusqu’à ce que ce <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/52754/jewish/The-Holy-Temple-an-Anthology.htm" title="The Holy Temple: an Anthology">Temple</a> soit détruit par Nabuchodonosor de Babylone.</p>
<p>Lorsque le second Temple fut construit par <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="41059">Ezra</span>, une nouvelle ménorah fut façonnée et allumée chaque jour. Ceci nous amène directement au second type de ménorah.</p>
</section><section><h2 id="LaMénorah">La Ménorah de ‘Hanouka</h2>
<p>Au IIe siècle avant l’ère commune, la Terre Sainte était gouvernée par les Séleucides (Gréco-Syriens), qui cherchèrent à contraindre le peuple d’Israël à accepter la culture et les croyances grecques au détriment de l’observance des mitsvot et de la croyance en <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1849908/jewish/Dieu.htm" title="Dieu">D.ieu</a>. Contre toute attente, une poignée de Juifs fidèles, dirigée par <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="40024">Judah</span> le Maccabée, vainquit l’une des plus puissantes armées de la terre, chassa les Grecs du pays, reconquit le Saint Temple et le reconsacra au service de D.ieu.</p>
<p>Lorsqu’ils voulurent allumer la ménorah, ils ne trouvèrent qu’une unique fiole d’huile d’olive qui avait échappé à la souillure des Grecs. Ils allumèrent la ménorah et, miraculeusement, cette provision d’huile prévue pour un jour dura huit jours, jusqu’à ce qu’ils puissent préparer une nouvelle huile pure.</p>
<p>Pour perpétuer la mémoire de ces miracles et les faire connaître, les Sages instituèrent la fête de ‘Hanouka.</p>
<p><a href="/holidays/chanukah/article_cdo/aid/1372919/jewish/Lhistoire-de-Hanouka.htm" title="L’histoire de ‘Hanouka">Lire l’histoire complète de ‘Hanouka</a></p>
<p>Chaque soir de <a href="/holidays/chanukah/default_cdo/jewish/Hanouka-2026.htm" title="‘Hanouka 2026">‘Hanouka</a>, une nouvelle flamme est allumée : une le premier jour, deux le deuxième jour, etc., jusqu’à ce que huit flammes brûlent la huitième nuit. Une bougie supplémentaire est ajoutée, appelée <i>chamach</i> (littéralement « serviteur ») avec laquelle on allume les flammes. L’objet rituel servant à allumer les flammes de ‘Hanouka est appelé ménorah (ou <i>‘hanoukia</i> en hébreu moderne).</p>
<p><a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/6717853/jewish/Comment-clbrer-Hanouka.htm" title="Comment célébrer ‘Hanouka">Cliquez ici pour les instructions d’allumage de la ménorah</a></p>
</section><section><h2 id="LaMénorahdu">La Ménorah du Temple et la Ménorah de ‘Hanouka : ce qui les distingue</h2>
<div align="center" class="imagetable w96 margin05 widen img500" width="500" >
<div class="imagecell">
<img src="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1031/yhuR10311346.jpg?_i=_n32DD4A5CE5B405756B86D11830CBE5B1" alt="A Chanukah menorah on the eighth night, lit with candles." title="A Chanukah menorah on the eighth night, lit with candles." srcset="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1031/yhuR10311346.jpg?_i=_n32DD4A5CE5B405756B86D11830CBE5B1 500w, https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1031/yhuR10311346.jpg?_i=_n76B3E6A404D908E662A1538A4A879637 480w" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 685px, 100vw" loading="lazy" />
</div>
<div class="captioncell">
<div>
A <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="22504">Chanukah menorah</span> on the eighth night, lit with candles.
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>La ménorah de ‘Hanouka peut s’inspirer du modèle original, avec quelques différences importantes :</p>
<ul>
<li>La ménorah du Temple se composait de sept branches, tandis que la ménorah de ‘Hanouka en compte huit (plus le <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/6204546/jewish/Le-Chamach-pourquoi-la-Mnorah-a-une-9me-bougie.htm" title="Le Chamach: pourquoi la Ménorah a une 9ème bougie"><i>chamach</i></a>).</li>
<li>La ménorah du Temple était faite d’or, tandis que la ménorah de ‘Hanouka peut être réalisée dans n’importe quel matériau (résistant au feu).</li>
<li>La ménorah du Temple était allumée à l’intérieur, tandis que la ménorah de ‘Hanouka est allumée à l’extérieur, près de la porte donnant sur la rue (bien que dans de nombreuses communautés, la coutume soit de l’allumer à l’intérieur près d’une porte ou d’une fenêtre).</li>
<li>La ménorah du Temple était allumée durant le jour, tandis que nous allumons la ménorah de ‘Hanouka à la tombée de la nuit, la laissant brûler dans la nuit.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('2a6717880');" name="footnoteRef2a6717880">2</a></li>
</ul>
<p>Le Rabbi de Loubavitch, Rabbi Mena’hem Mendel Schneerson, de mémoire bénie, explique que ces différences ont une signification. Le chiffre sept représente l’ordre naturel du monde, comme en témoignent les sept jours de la création et les sept jours de la semaine. Le chiffre <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/3537234/jewish/Limportance-du-huit.htm" title="L’importance du huit">huit</a> représente un dépassement de la nature : le surnaturel, le transcendant. Le Temple était un lieu de sainteté et de révélation divine, et les sept lumières de la ménorah suffisaient à éclairer le Temple et le monde environnant. De nos jours, l’obscurité spirituelle est plus présente dans le monde, et la présence divine est voilée. Nous devons aller au-delà des limitations de la nature et puiser dans un niveau supérieur de sainteté pour illuminer l’obscurité extérieure. Les huit flammes de nos ménorot de ‘Hanouka illuminant la nuit transforment le monde en un réceptacle de divinité et de lumière.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('3a6717880');" name="footnoteRef3a6717880">3</a></p>
<p>Joyeux ‘Hanouka !</p>
</section><section><h2 id="Questions">Questions fréquentes sur la Ménorah</h2>
<h3>Qu’est-ce qu’une ménorah et où est-elle utilisée ?</h3>
<p>Une ménorah, qui signifie « lampe » en hébreu, désigne généralement soit le chandelier d’or à sept branches allumé quotidiennement dans le Saint Temple de <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/2597327/jewish/Jrusalem.htm" title="Jérusalem">Jérusalem</a>, soit la lampe à huit flammes allumée chaque soir de ‘Hanouka.</p>
<h3>En quoi la ménorah du Temple diffère-t-elle de celle de ‘Hanouka ?</h3>
<p>La ménorah du Temple avait sept branches, était faite d’or et était allumée chaque jour. La ménorah de ‘Hanouka (également appelée ‘hanoukia) possède huit branches, à allumer pendant les huit jours de la fête, ainsi qu’un <i>chamach</i> — une branche supplémentaire utilisée pour allumer les autres.</p>
<h3>Quelle est l’histoire de la ménorah de ‘Hanouka et pourquoi l’allume-t-on pendant huit jours ?</h3>
<p>La ménorah de ‘Hanouka perpétue le souvenir du miracle qui eut lieu lors de la réinauguration du Second Temple de Jérusalem. Après que les Maccabées eurent chassé leurs oppresseurs grecs et repris possession du Saint Temple, ils ne trouvèrent que suffisamment d’huile non contaminée pour allumer la ménorah pendant un jour. Miraculeusement, elle dura huit jours, jusqu’à ce qu’ils puissent préparer une nouvelle huile pure, d’où la pratique d’allumer la ménorah de ‘Hanouka pendant huit jours.</p>
<h3>Quels matériaux sont acceptables pour fabriquer une ménorah de ‘Hanouka ?</h3>
<p>La ménorah de ‘Hanouka peut être réalisée dans n’importe quel matériau résistant au feu. Contrairement à la ménorah du Temple, il y a beaucoup de place pour la créativité, à condition que les huit branches soient alignées et qu’il y ait un support distinct pour le <i>chamach</i>.</p>
<h3>La ménorah du Temple avait-elle des branches arrondies ou droites ?</h3>
<p>Historiquement, la ménorah du Temple a été représentée avec des branches courbes, comme on peut le voir sur l’Arc de <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="40585">Titus</span>. Les sources juives traditionnelles, en revanche, y compris Maïmonide et Rachi, la représentent avec des branches droites s’élevant en diagonale.</p>
<h3>Quel combustible est utilisé dans la ménorah ?</h3>
<p>Pour la ménorah du Temple, seule l’huile pure pouvait être utilisée. Pour la ménorah de ‘Hanouka, tout combustible sûr et fiable, sans odeur, qui produit une flamme stable est acceptable (y compris les bougies), mais l’huile d’olive est idéale.</p>
<h3>Comment procéder à l’allumage de la ménorah de ‘Hanouka ?</h3>
<p>La ménorah de ‘Hanouka est allumée de gauche à droite, mais les bougies sont placées de droite à gauche. Une bougie auxiliaire, appelée <i>chamach</i>, est utilisée pour allumer les autres bougies. La première nuit, une bougie est allumée. Chaque nuit suivante, une bougie supplémentaire est allumée jusqu’à ce que les huit bougies (en plus du <i>chamach</i>) soient allumées la dernière nuit.</p>
<h3>Peut-on utiliser une ménorah numérique ou électrique pour ‘Hanouka ?</h3>
Bien que les ménorot électriques puissent être utilisées comme ornements ou pour diffuser le miracle de ‘Hanouka, elles ne permettent pas d’accomplir la <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1747158/jewish/Mitsva.htm" title="Mitsva">mitsva</a> de l’allumage de la ménorah. La mitsva exige d’allumer une flamme, ce qui ne peut pas être réalisé avec une ménorah électrique ou numérique.</section></div>
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<div id="footnoteTR1a6717880" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote1a6717880" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef1a6717880">1.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Exode 25,31-40.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR2a6717880" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote2a6717880" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef2a6717880">2.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Talmud, traité Chabbat 21b ; Code des lois juives, Ora’h ‘Haïm 671.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR3a6717880" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote3a6717880" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef3a6717880">3.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Likoutei Si’hot, vol. 3, p. 810-813.</p>
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if (typeof(glossary_items) == 'undefined') glossary_items={};glossary_items['g_20253']={word: 'The Temple Menorah', text: ['The seven-branched gold candelabra in the Temple.'], article_count: [85], kid: [1367],relatedArticleUrl: '/holidays/chanukah/article_cdo/aid/1358679/jewish/What-is-a-Menorah-Chanukiah.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'What Is a Menorah (Chanukiah)?',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_22504']={word: 'Chanukah Menorah', text: ['The eight-branched menorah (candelabra) kindled on Chanukah commemorating the miracle of Chanukah.'], article_count: [223], kid: [2314],relatedArticleUrl: '/holidays/chanukah/article_cdo/aid/1358679/jewish/What-is-a-Menorah-Chanukiah.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'What Is a Menorah (Chanukiah)?',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_33023']={word: 'Maimonides', text: ['Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon, known by the acronym the “Rambam”, 1135-1204; Cordoba (Spain), Fez (Morocco) and Fostat (old Cairo, Egypt); codifier, philosopher, communal leader, and court physician to Sultan Saladin of Egypt; author of a commentary on the Mishnah, the Book of Mitzvot, Mishneh Torah, the Guide to the Perplexed and many other works'], article_count: [234], kid: [1697],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/889836/jewish/Maimonides-The-Rambam.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Maimonides: The Rambam',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_33058']={word: 'Tabernacle', text: ['the temporary Sanctuary in which the Divine Presence dwelled during the Jews’ journeys through the desert'], article_count: [123], kid: [1232],relatedArticleUrl: '/parshah/article_cdo/aid/2133493/jewish/What-Was-the-Tabernacle-Mishkan.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'What Was the Tabernacle (Mishkan)?',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_38782']={word: 'Temple', text: ['the Holy Temple in Jerusalem'], article_count: [910], kid: [238],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/52754/jewish/The-Holy-Temple-an-Anthology.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Holy Temple: an Anthology',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_40024']={word: 'Judah', text: ['(a) (1565-1466 BCE) Fourth son of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1477\">Jacob</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1653\">Leah</a>, fourth of the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=7080\">Twelve Tribes</a>. The leader of the Tribes, he encouraged his brothers to sell <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2224\">Joseph</a> rather than leave him to die, and later stood up to Joseph when <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=8832\">Benjamin</a>’s safety was at stake. Progenitor of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2417\">King David</a>, all the kings of the House of David, and the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=237\">Moshiach</a>. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [36], kid: [2223],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/288958/jewish/The-Story-of-Judah-in-the-Bible.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Story of Judah in the Bible',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_40204']={word: 'Aaron', text: ['(a) (1397-1273 BCE) Son of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=8063\">Amram</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2303\">Jochebed</a>, brother of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=6762\">Miriam</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=70\">Moses</a>. Moses’ partner and spokesman in his mission to free the Israelites from <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=8732\">Egypt</a>. First <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=10972\">High Priest</a> and patriarch of the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9213\">Priestly Family</a>. A man who loved peace and always sought to bring conflicting parties to reconciliation. Died in the desert, shortly before the Israelites entered Canaan. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [68], kid: [7078],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/4033914/jewish/The-Story-of-Aaron-in-the-Bible.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Story of Aaron in the Bible',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_40585']={word: 'Titus', text: ['(c. 40-81 CE) Son of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11226\">Vespasian</a>, uncle of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11081\">Onkelos</a>, emperor of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=12261\">Rome</a> from 79 to 81 CE. He went to Judea to help his father, who was then general of the Roman army, quell the Jewish rebellion there. When his father returned to Rome upon being appointed emperor, Titus completed the destruction begun by his father, <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1664\">burning</a> the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=238\">Temple</a> and massacring and exiling the Jews. Upon returning to Rome, a gnat entered his nose and pecked at his brain for years, until Titus\' death.'], article_count: [4], kid: [13600],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/953573/jewish/How-Did-Titus-Die.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'How Did Titus Die?',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_41059']={word: 'Ezra', text: ['(a) (d. 313 BCE) Scribe, spiritual and political Jewish leader, and head of the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=12199\">Great Assembly</a>. A year after the completion of the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=12355\">Second Temple</a> by Jews who had returned to the Land of Israel, Ezra led a second wave of exiles back from Babylon. Ezra taught and encouraged the observance of the laws of the Torah, and copied and disseminated the books of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11380\">Tanach</a>. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [19], kid: [8074],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/4166669/jewish/The-Story-of-Ezra-the-Scribe-in-the-Bible.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Story of Ezra the Scribe in the Bible',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_41959']={word: 'Pur', text: ['(lit. \"lots\"), the lots that Haman cast to determine the date of his proposed annihilation of the Jews'], article_count: [5], kid: [13031],relatedArticleUrl: '/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/649949/jewish/Why-is-the-Holiday-Named-Purim.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Why is the Holiday Named \"Purim\"?',isVideo: false,};
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