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<h1 class="article-header__title js-article-title js-page-title">Hochaana Rabba</h1>
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<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>Le Jour du Saule</sl-menu-item>
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<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>La signification de Hochaana Rabba</sl-menu-item>
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<p>Le septième jour de Soukkot, appelé Hochaana Rabba, est considéré comme le dernier jour du « jugement » divin au cours duquel le destin de la nouvelle année est déterminé. C’est le jour où le verdict prononcé à Roch Hachana et Yom Kippour est finalisé.</p>
<p>Le <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="37815">Midrash</span> nous raconte que D.ieu a dit à <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="37397">Abraham</span> : « Si <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="41905">tes</span> enfants n’obtiennent pas le pardon à <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/565037/jewish/Roch-Hachana.htm" title="Roch Hachana">Roch Hachana</a>, Je le leur accorderai à <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/567990/jewish/Yom-Kippour.htm" title="Yom Kippour">Yom Kippour</a> ; et s’ils ne l’obtiennent pas à Yom Kippour, il leur sera donné à Hochaana Rabba. »</p>
<p>Isaïe dit<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('1a6632735');" name="footnoteRef1a6632735">1</a>  : « Ils Me cherchent jour après jour. » Le <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="38919">Talmud</span> explique<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('2a6632735');" name="footnoteRef2a6632735">2</a> que ces deux « jours » font référence au jour où l’on sonne du <i>choffar</i> (Roch Hachana) et au jour où l’on prend le saule (Hochaana Rabba) – le jour où le jugement céleste commence et le jour où il se conclut.</p>
<p>De plus, à Soukkot, nous sommes jugés sur la quantité de pluie qui tombera dans l’année à venir.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('3a6632735');" name="footnoteRef3a6632735">3</a> Ainsi, à Hochaana Rabba, le dernier jour de Soukkot, ce jugement est finalisé. Compte tenu de l’importance de pluies abondantes pour notre bien-être et notre économie, il est évident que ce jour revêt une importance cruciale.</p>
</section><section><h2 id="Le">Le Jour du Saule</h2>
<p>L’observance principale de Hochaana Rabba est « la prise du saule ». En plus des Quatre Espèces prises chaque jour de Soukkot, il existe une tradition, remontant à l’époque des prophètes, de prendre une branche de saule supplémentaire le septième jour de Soukkot. Cela commémore la cérémonie du saule dans le <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="41020">Beth</span> Hamikdach, où de grandes branches de saule de cinq mètres et demi étaient placées autour de l’autel chaque jour de Soukkot. Chaque jour de Soukkot, on faisait le tour de l’autel une fois, au son des supplications pour l’assistance divine ; à Hochaana Rabba, on en faisait sept fois le tour.</p>
<p>De nos jours, lors des offices du matin de Hochaana Rabba, tous les rouleaux de la <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="39995">Torah</span> sont sortis de l’Arche et tenus par des personnes autour de la <i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="41157">bima</span></i> (table de lecture de la <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/5538423/jewish/Quest-ce-que-la-Torah.htm" title="Qu’est-ce que la Torah ?">Torah</a>). La congrégation fait ensuite sept tours autour de la <i><a href="/library/howto/wizard_cdo/aid/1007931/jewish/La-Bimah-la-Table-de-Lecture.htm" title="La Bimah – la Table de Lecture"><i>bima</i></a></i> (au lieu du tour unique effectué les autres jours de Soukkot) tout en récitant les prières de Hochaanot, les Quatre Espèces à la main. À la fin des Hochaanot, nous prenons un bouquet de cinq branches de saule (disponible pour une somme modique dans la plupart des synagogues) et nous en frappons le sol cinq fois, symbolisant « l’atténuation des cinq mesures de rigueur ».</p>
<p>Il est d’usage pour tous – hommes, femmes et même petits enfants – d’accomplir ce rituel. Il convient d’utiliser un bouquet de branches de saule neuf pour chaque personne ; un bouquet doit donc être acheté pour chaque membre de la famille. Après l’utilisation du bouquet, il est courant de le déposer sur le dessus de l’Arche.</p>
</section><section><h2 id="Autres">Autres observances de Hochaana Rabba</h2>
<p><b>Veillée d’étude</b></p>
<p>En considération de l’importance du jour, il est coutumier dans de nombreuses communautés de rester éveillé la nuit précédant Hochaana Rabba. Après des danses joyeuses, nous récitons l’intégralité du Deutéronome, qui expose longuement les préceptes d’amour et de crainte de <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1849908/jewish/Dieu.htm" title="Dieu">D.ieu</a>. Dans certaines communautés, le livre du Deutéronome est lu en entier dans la synagogue à partir du rouleau de la <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1426382/jewish/Torah.htm" title="What Is the Torah?">Torah</a>. Après minuit, tout le livre des Psaumes est récité. Dans certaines congrégations, il est de coutume que le <i>gabbaï</i> (responsable de la synagogue) distribue des pommes (symbolisant une « douce année ») aux fidèles. Ces pommes sont ensuite ramenées à la maison, trempées dans le miel et mangées dans la soukka.</p>
<p><b>Prières du matin</b></p>
<p>L’office du matin de Hochaana Rabba s’allonge légèrement en comparaison de ceux des autres jours de <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/2337468/jewish/Hol-Hamoed.htm" title="‘Hol Hamoed">‘Hol Hamoed</a> en raison des prières de Hochaanot. Dans de nombreuses communautés, l’office s’enrichit considérablement : aux prières festives habituelles s’ajoutent des liturgies spécifiques à Hochaana Rabba, portant la durée totale à plusieurs heures (ce n’est toutefois par la coutume ‘Habad). Certaines communautés ont même pour coutume de sonner le <i><a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1955753/jewish/Le-Choffar.htm" title="Le Choffar"><i>choffar</i></a></i> pendant l’office, en guise d’appel à la <i>techouva</i>.</p>
<p>Les prières de Hochaanot et les tours autour de la <i><a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/365934/jewish/The-Bimah-The-Synagogue-Platform.htm" title="The Bimah: The Synagogue Platform">bima</a></i> sont faits immédiatement avant la lecture de la Torah, ou dans certaines communautés, après la prière de Moussaf.</p>
<p><b>Leka’h</b></p>
<p>Le Rabbi distribuait du <i>leka’h</i> (gâteau au miel) à Hochaana Rabba aux personnes qui n’en avaient pas reçu avant Yom Kippour (<a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1299055/jewish/Le-Lekah.htm" title="Le Leka’h">voir ici</a> pour plus d’informations sur cette coutume). <a href="https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/livingtorah/player_cdo/aid/160610/jewish/The-Rebbes-Sukkah.htm" target="_blank">Cliquez ici</a> pour voir une vidéo du Rabbi distribuant du <i>leka’h</i> à Hochaana Rabba 5742 (1981) ; et <a href="https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/livingtorah/player_cdo/aid/319000/jewish/Hoshana-Rabba.htm" target="_blank">ici</a> pour Hochaana Rabba 5749 (1988).</p>
<p><b>Repas de fête</b></p>
<p>Un repas de fête est pris dans la <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/6102542/jewish/Quest-ce-quune-Soukkah.htm" title="Qu’est-ce qu’une Soukkah?">soukka</a>. Nous trempons le pain dans le miel pour la dernière fois. Beaucoup ont la coutume de manger des <i>kreplakh</i> – de la pâte farcie de bœuf ou de poulet haché, pliée en triangles – ce jour-là.</p>
<p>Hochaana Rabba est également la dernière occasion de réciter la bénédiction spéciale pour manger dans la soukka, puisque le commandement biblique d’habiter dans la soukka ne dure que sept jours (bien que ce soit la pratique de nombreuses communautés – et telle est aussi la coutume ‘<a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/6296943/jewish/Au-sujet-de-Habad-Loubavitch.htm" title="Au sujet de ‘Habad-Loubavitch">Habad</a> – qu’en dehors de la Terre d’Israël, nous mangions dans la soukka également le huitième jour, <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/979481/jewish/Chemini-Atsret-Simhat-Torah.htm" title="Chemini Atséret / Sim’hat Torah">Chemini Atséret</a>).</p>
</section><section><h2 id="La">La signification de Hochaana Rabba</h2>
<p>Hochaana, qui signifie « sauve », est le refrain récurrent de la cérémonie des Hochaanot effectuée quotidiennement pendant Soukkot. Hochaana Rabba, « la grande Hochaana », a ainsi été nommée parce que nous répétons ce rituel, pendant lequel nous faisons solennellement le tour de la Torah, sept fois ce jour-là, au lieu d’une seule fois comme nous l’avions fait les jours précédents.</p>
<p>Le nom peut être interprété comme signifiant « le grand secours ». Le Rabbi explique que puisque la taille est relative, seule une chose infinie peut être décrite comme vraiment grande. Ainsi, en ce jour, nous sommes assurés de pouvoir faire descendre des bénédictions infinies d’en haut dans tous les domaines de notre vie.</p>
</section><section><h2 id="Érouv">Érouv Tavchiline</h2>
<p>Dans le cas où Hochaana Rabba tomberait un mercredi (de sorte que Sim’hat Torah serait jeudi soir et vendredi), un <i><a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1276462/jewish/rouv-Tavchiline.htm" title="Érouv Tavchiline"><i>érouv tavchiline</i></a></i> doit être fait à Hochaana Rabba, pour permettre la cuisine et autres préparations nécessaires du Chabbat le vendredi. <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1276462/jewish/rouv-Tavchiline.htm" title="Érouv Tavchiline">Cliquez ici</a> pour en savoir plus sur ce sujet et apprendre comment faire un <i>érouv tavchiline</i>.</p></section></div>
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<div id="footnoteTR1a6632735" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote1a6632735" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef1a6632735">1.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Isaïe 58,2.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR2a6632735" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote2a6632735" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef2a6632735">2.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Talmud de Jérusalem, Roch Hachana 4:8.</p>
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<p>Talmud, Roch Hachana 16a.</p>
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