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<h1 class="article-header__title js-article-title js-page-title">La Rabbanit: une vie discrète vouée au bien de tous</h1>
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<p>Le 22 Chevat 5748/1988, l’épouse du Rabbi depuis soixante ans, <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1112934/jewish/La-Rabbanit-Haya-Mouchka.htm" title="La Rabbanit ‘Haya Mouchka">la Rabbanit ‘Haya Mouchka Schneerson</a>, quitta ce monde.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('1a5822601');" name="footnoteRef1a5822601">1</a></p>
<p>Contrairement à son mari, la Rabbanit ‘Haya Mouchka n’a pas exercé son dévouement envers le peuple juif sous les yeux du public, mais dans l’intimité de sa propre maison. Elle n’assistait jamais aux allocutions publiques de son mari ni aux offices communautaires dans la synagogue principale. Même le jour de Roch Hachana, le Rabbi sonnait le <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="38979">shofar</span> pour elle à la maison, et elle se présentait toujours comme étant « Mme Schneerson », jamais comme « Rabbanit ».<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('2a5822601');" name="footnoteRef2a5822601">2</a></p>
<p>Avant que son mari n’accepte la direction du mouvement ‘Habad-Loubavitch, elle n’était pas aussi effacée. Elle assistait aux événements et aux célébrations de la communauté et, lors des discours publics de son père, <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/932273/jewish/Rabbi-Yossef-Itshak-Schneersohn-1880-1950.htm" title="Rabbi Yossef Its’hak Schneersohn (1880 – 1950)">Rabbi Yossef Its’hak</a>, dont la santé allait en déclinant, elle se tenait à la porte pour s’assurer que la salle n’était pas surpeuplée.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('3a5822601');" name="footnoteRef3a5822601">3</a> Lorsque son père quitta ce monde et que l’avenir du mouvement était en jeu, elle dit à son mari : « Si tu ne deviens pas Rabbi, trente ans de la vie de mon père auront été en vain. »<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('4a5822601');" name="footnoteRef4a5822601">4</a></p>
<span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider><span class="pullquote">La Rabbanit ‘Haya Mouchka n’a pas exercé son dévouement envers le peuple juif sous les yeux du public, mais dans l’intimité de sa propre maison.</span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider></span>
<p>La position ferme qu’elle adopta en dit long sur son engagement courageux en faveur de la continuité du mouvement ‘Habad. Sa sœur aînée avait prévu depuis longtemps que son propre mari, le <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="41899">Rav</span> Shmaryahou Gourary, deviendrait le prochain Rabbi. La Rabbanit n’avait aucun désir de rivaliser avec sa sœur, mais, à l’instar des ‘hassidim, elle comprit que seul un individu de la stature visionnaire de son mari pourrait poursuivre la mission de son père.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('5a5822601');" name="footnoteRef5a5822601">5</a> La sensibilité de la Rabbanit envers sa sœur semble avoir été l’un des facteurs qui l’ont amenée à éviter toute occasion publique où elle aurait pu être honorée en tant qu’épouse du Rabbi.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('6a5822601');" name="footnoteRef6a5822601">6</a></p>
<p>Ces tensions ont éclaté au grand jour en 1985, lorsqu’il fut découvert que le fils des Gourary, Barry, subtilisait des livres rares dans la bibliothèque de son grand-père et les vendait. Lorsqu’elle fut confrontée à cette situation, sa mère déclara que les livres étaient la propriété de la famille et que son fils avait le droit de les vendre à des fins lucratives. L’organisation centrale de ‘Habad contesta cette affirmation, arguant que les livres étaient la propriété collective de la communauté ‘Habad.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('7a5822601');" name="footnoteRef7a5822601">7</a></p>
<p>Les avocats de Barry Gourary insistèrent pour que l’affaire soit portée devant un tribunal fédéral et exigèrent que la Rabbanit ‘Haya Mouchka fasse une déposition. Lorsqu’il lui fut demandé à qui, selon elle, appartenaient les livres, elle répondit : « Je pense qu’ils appartenaient aux ‘hassidim, parce que mon père appartenait aux ‘hassidim. » Qualifiée de « moment le plus dramatique de toute la procédure » par l’avocat du mouvement ‘Habad, cette remarque exprime de manière poignante tout ce que la Rabbanit a sacrifié pour s’assurer que les ‘hassidim continueraient d’avoir un Rabbi.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('8a5822601');" name="footnoteRef8a5822601">8</a></p>
<p>La Rabbanit n’avait pas de profil public, mais avait une vie sociale bien remplie. Elle s’était liée d’amitié avec de nombreuses personnes, au sein de la communauté ‘Habad et d’autres milieux, les recevant chez elle, jouant avec leurs enfants, leur écrivant et conversant par téléphone.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('9a5822601');" name="footnoteRef9a5822601">9</a></p>
<p>En 1974, l’étudiante israélienne Orah Jurawel se rendit à New York et apporta un cadeau pour la Rabbanit de la part d’une amie commune. « Lorsque je suis arrivée à New York, je l’ai appelée et elle m’a immédiatement invitée chez elle... La Rabbanit, une petite femme mince, était habillée de manière très élégante. Elle m’a accompagnée dans la salle à manger, où la table était dressée avec des rafraîchissements et de la belle vaisselle. Elle était très intéressée par ce que je faisais, ce que j’étudiais et quelles étaient mes aspirations. »</p>
<span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider><span class="pullquote">« On pouvait comprendre pourquoi ils étaient mari et femme. Et si le Rabbi avait un admirateur, un ‘hassid dans ce monde pendant toutes ces années, c’était elle. »</span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider></span>
<p>La Rabbanit n’était pas simplement polie. C’était là le début d’un lien durable. Lorsque le quatrième enfant d’Orah Jurawel fut diagnostiqué comme ayant le syndrome de Down et des complications cardiaques, la Rabbanit l’appela pour l’encourager. « Tout le monde s’interrogeait sur l’enfant et les médecins, mais la Rabbanit demandait toujours comment je me sentais... Son message était simplement que moi aussi, j’étais importante... »<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('10a5822601');" name="footnoteRef10a5822601">10</a></p>
<p>La relation d’Orah Jurawel avec la Rabbanit était certainement spéciale, mais ceux qui ont connu la Rabbanit témoignent qu’elle était typique de l’intelligence, de l’enthousiasme et de la sollicitude qui caractérisaient toutes ses interactions.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('11a5822601');" name="footnoteRef11a5822601">11</a></p>
<p>En traçant une frontière nette entre sa personnalité privée et la sphère publique, la Rabbanit put se consacrer sans réserve à son mari. Le Rabbi travaillait des heures incroyablement longues et ne prenait jamais un jour de congé. Mais lorsqu’il était à la maison, personne n’osait imposer sa présence. Quelle que soit l’heure à laquelle il arrivait, la Rabbanit était toujours prête à le recevoir.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('12a5822601');" name="footnoteRef12a5822601">12</a> Les visiteurs de sa maison remarquaient souvent les piles de livres, de journaux et de revues que la Rabbanit parcourait à la recherche de développements scientifiques, internationaux et politiques susceptibles d’intéresser le Rabbi.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('13a5822601');" name="footnoteRef13a5822601">13</a></p>
<p>Le docteur Ira Weiss, cardiologue du Rabbi, parlait presque quotidiennement à la Rabbanit pour recevoir son rapport sur l’état de santé du Rabbi, et était l’une des rares personnes à interagir avec eux dans l’intimité de leur maison. Le Dr Weiss a témoigné de la profondeur de l’amour, de la sollicitude et du respect qu’ils se portaient mutuellement<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('14a5822601');" name="footnoteRef14a5822601">14</a> et fit remarquer qu’elle était la seule personne au monde vers laquelle le Rabbi pouvait se tourner pour une critique honnête :</p>
<p>« Une fois, j’ai dîné avec la Rabbanit et le Rabbi. J’ai eu la chance de les voir interagir ensemble, et c’était un très bon échange, car la Rabbanit était très intelligente.... C’était une conversation personnelle, le Rabbi et la Rabbanit se parlant à table et se livrant à une petite joute intellectuelle. C’était charmant et révélateur. »<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('15a5822601');" name="footnoteRef15a5822601">15</a></p>
<p>Selon le <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="41964">Rav</span> Yehouda Krinsky, secrétaire de longue date du Rabbi, la relation unique que la Rabbanit entretenait avec son mari lui permettait d’apprécier ses qualités d’une manière totalement différente :</p>
<p>« On pouvait comprendre pourquoi ils étaient mari et femme. Et si le Rabbi avait un admirateur, un ‘<span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="38830">hassid</span> dans ce monde pendant toutes ces années, c’était elle. »<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('16a5822601');" name="footnoteRef16a5822601">16</a></p>
<p><br>
<i>(Pour visionner des vidéos en anglais des différents témoignages référencés dans les notes, voir la version originale en anglais de cet article accessible en cliquant sur le mot « English » sur le côté de cette page.)</i></p>
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<div class="heading">Footnotes</div>
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<div id="footnoteTR1a5822601" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote1a5822601" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef1a5822601">1.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Une vidéo de la présence du Rabbi à ses funérailles est disponible <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1769391/jewish/Funrailles-de-la-Rabbanit-Haya-Mouchka.htm" title="Funérailles de la Rabbanit ‘Haya Mouchka ">ici</a>.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR2a5822601" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote2a5822601" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef2a5822601">2.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Entretien avec le Rav Shmouel Lew, 30 novembre 2011. Voir aussi <i>The Rebbetzin</i>, un film de JEM Media.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR3a5822601" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote3a5822601" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef3a5822601">3.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Témoignage de Mme Hadassah Carlebach.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR4a5822601" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote4a5822601" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef4a5822601">4.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Témoignage du Rav Yossef Wineberg, cité dans Telushkin, <i>Rebbe</i>, page 367.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR5a5822601" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote5a5822601" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef5a5822601">5.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Pour plus d’informations sur les événements qui ont conduit le Rabbi à accepter à contrecœur la direction de la communauté, en dépit de son inquiétude pour la position de son beau-frère, voir <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/5788730/jewish/La-septime-gnration-un-leader-de-leaders.htm" title="La septième génération: un leader de leaders">La septième génération: un leader de leaders</a>.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR6a5822601" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote6a5822601" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef6a5822601">6.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Entretien avec le Rav Shmouel Lew, 30 novembre 2011.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR7a5822601" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote7a5822601" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef7a5822601">7.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Pour plus de détails sur cette affaire, voir Telushkin, <i>ibid</i>, p. 385-410.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR8a5822601" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote8a5822601" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef8a5822601">8.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Témoignage de l’avocat Nathan Lewin.</p>
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</div>
<div id="footnoteTR9a5822601" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote9a5822601" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef9a5822601">9.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Témoignage de Mme Louise Hager, et d’autres.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR10a5822601" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote10a5822601" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef10a5822601">10.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Témoignage de Mme Orah Jurawel.</p>
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</div>
<div id="footnoteTR11a5822601" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote11a5822601" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef11a5822601">11.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Témoignage de Mme Danièle Gorlin Lassner.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR12a5822601" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote12a5822601" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef12a5822601">12.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Témoignage de Mme Hadassah Carlebach, cité ci-dessus, note 3.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR13a5822601" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote13a5822601" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef13a5822601">13.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Témoignage de Mme Louise Hager, ainsi que celui de l’avocat Nathan Lewin.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR14a5822601" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote14a5822601" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef14a5822601">14.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Témoignage du Dr Ira Weiss.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR15a5822601" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote15a5822601" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef15a5822601">15.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Mme Baila Olidort, entretien avec le Dr Ira Weiss, publié pour la première fois sur Loubavitch.com.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR16a5822601" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote16a5822601" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef16a5822601">16.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Rav David Eliezrie, entretien avec le Rav Krinsky.</p>
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