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<h1 class="article-header__title js-article-title js-page-title">Dans quelle mesure la Torah est-elle scientifique?</h1>
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<span class="article-header__byline" data-kid="193" data-author-bio="Freeman, Tzvi"><a title="Browse more articles by Freeman, Tzvi" href="/search/keyword_cdo/kid/193/jewish/Freeman-Tzvi.htm">par Tzvi Freeman</a></span>
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<p><i>Question :</i></p>
<p>Nous entendons tout le temps dire que la <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="39995">Torah</span> et la science ne sont pas vraiment contradictoires. Pouvez-vous quand même donner au moins un ou deux exemples où celles-ci coïncident ?</p>
<p><i>Réponse :</i></p>
<ul>
<li>Voici l’exemple le plus remarquable : pendant des millénaires, nous avons été ridiculisés pour notre croyance que le monde a un jour commencé. Ce n’est que dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle que les preuves données ont largement été de notre côté. Comme l’écrivait Arno Penzias (l’un des trois lauréats du prix Nobel pour avoir identifié le « rayonnement de fond » qui est devenu l’un des piliers de la cosmologie actuelle du Big Bang) : « La création est étayée par toutes les données jusqu’à présent. »<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('1a4242309');" name="footnoteRef1a4242309">1</a></li>
<li><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="37397">Abraham</span> fut un non-conformiste qui croyait que toutes les forces du cosmos étaient en réalité une seule et même force. C’est ce qu’affirme la science depuis cent ans, et c’est l’idée qui sous-tend la recherche de la Théorie du Champ Unifié.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('2a4242309');" name="footnoteRef2a4242309">2</a></li>
<li>Le récit de la <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1426382/jewish/Torah.htm" title="What Is the Torah?">Torah</a> sur la Création et sur les événements qui défient les lois de la physique – et même de la logique – implique que les lois de la logique ne sont pas absolues, en d’autres termes, qu’il n’est pas impossible que ces lois aient été créées autrement, et que même aujourd’hui, le Créateur peut les ajuster ou les remplacer selon Son bon vouloir. C’est ce genre de pensée qui a ouvert la voie aux mathématiques modernes, rompant avec la vision euclidienne voulant que les axiomes de la géométrie soient des « vérités évidentes », et posant les bases de la relativité d’Einstein. D’ailleurs les tentatives ultérieures de démontrer que les mathématiques sont basées sur la logique ont toutes échoué. Les penseurs remettent aujourd’hui en question le caractère absolu de la logique elle-même.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('3a4242309');" name="footnoteRef3a4242309">3</a></li>
<li>En présentant le concept de Providence Divine au sein de la nature, la Torah requiert un univers qui ne soit que faiblement linéaire, rejetant ainsi le concept déterministe selon lequel la cause et l’effet sont intrinsèquement liés. Ceci ressort du Principe d’Incertitude énoncé par Heisenberg pour la première fois en 1928.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('4a4242309');" name="footnoteRef4a4242309">4</a> Au cours des 30 dernières années, l’expérimentation a maintes fois affirmé ce concept.</li>
<li>La Torah ne considère pas la matière en tant que substance autonome, mais en tant qu’événement, un « mot ». Aujourd’hui, nous comprenons la matière comme une simple dynamique d’énergie concentrée, comme dans la formule familière E = mc2. Ou, selon la définition du physicien <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="40081">David</span> Bohm : « Ce qui se déroule, quel que soit le support utilisé ».<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('5a4242309');" name="footnoteRef5a4242309">5</a></li>
<li>Pour établir les faits, la Torah s’appuie sur les témoins et l’observation plutôt que sur l’intuition. Aujourd’hui, nous appelons cela de l’empirisme objectif. C’est ce qui distingue le scientifique du philosophe helléniste ou médiéval.</li>
<li>La Torah reconnaît le rôle de la conscience humaine en tant que participant actif plutôt que passif à la formation de la réalité.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('6a4242309');" name="footnoteRef6a4242309">6</a> Ce résultat du modèle standard de la mécanique quantique a été énoncé pour la première fois par John von Neumann en 1932.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('7a4242309');" name="footnoteRef7a4242309">7</a></li>
<li>La Torah s’appuie constamment sur le concept de synergie : le tout est plus grand que la somme de ses parties. Ceci est devenu un principe essentiel dans de nombreuses disciplines modernes, de la sociologie à la chimie.</li>
<li>La Torah, dans de nombreuses applications halakhiques, repose sur le « quantum », l’incrément de changement le plus petit possible dans l’espace et dans le temps. C’est le postulat de Max Planck qui a introduit le champ de la mécanique quantique.</li>
<li>La Torah décrit toute l’humanité comme descendant d’un seul et même homme et – avant cela – d’une seule et même femme.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('8a4242309');" name="footnoteRef8a4242309">8</a> La génétique prouve cela de façon formelle, bien que la datation soit encore quelque peu biaisée. Ils ont encore du retard à combler.</li>
<li>La Torah voit la psyché humaine comme ayant de multiples couches et de multiples facettes : il n’y a pas une personne unique à l’intérieur. Bienvenue dans la psychologie moderne.</li>
<li>La Torah décrit la planète Terre et le cosmos tout entier en termes holistiques. La science d’aujourd’hui va résolument dans cette direction, dans les sciences de la vie, ainsi que dans la physique et la cosmologie.</li>
<li>La Torah permet de déduire nombre des coutumes, croyances, politiques, technologies, etc., des temps anciens que les historiens rechignaient jadis à reconnaître et que les archéologues ont récemment confirmées.</li>
<li>La Torah présente et développe rigoureusement la <i>‘hazakah</i> : un événement doit se produire de manière répétée dans des conditions identiques pour être considéré comme étant la réalité la plus probable dans le futur (comme dans le cas du bœuf régulièrement agressif). C’est la base de la méthode scientifique.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('9a4242309');" name="footnoteRef9a4242309">9</a></li>
<li>La Torah prescrit l’éducation publique, la participation du peuple et la gouvernance constitutionnelle. Les sociologues décrivent comment ces éléments génèrent stabilité et productivité dans une société.</li>
<li>La Torah préconise une gestion responsable de notre environnement. Aujourd’hui, nous avons démontré qu’une telle approche est la seule possible pour une vie durable sur la planète.</li>
</ul>
<p>Bon nombre de ces exemples peuvent sembler évidents et banals, mais aucun d’entre eux n’a été accepté comme tel jusqu’à récemment. Je suis sûr qu’il y en a plus – si d’autres vous viennent à l’esprit, n’hésitez pas à les mentionner dans les commentaires.</p>
<p><i>Nous remercions Dr. <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="39928">Moshe</span> Genuth pour ses précieuses suggestions et son aide pour cet article.</i></p>
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<div id="footnoteTR1a4242309" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote1a4242309" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef1a4242309">1.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Voir son article <i>Creation is Supported by All the Data So Far,</i> page 78 in Margenau and Varghese, <i>Cosmos, Bios, Theos</i>, Open Court, 1992.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR2a4242309" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote2a4242309" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef2a4242309">2.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Comme l’a dit un jour le Rabbi de Loubavitch à un groupe de scientifiques : “Disons simplement que nous savons déjà qu’il existe une Théorie du Champ Unifié et nous l’appellerons D.ieu.”</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR3a4242309" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote3a4242309" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef3a4242309">3.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Voir Tzvi Saks, <i>On the Nature of Truth in Mathematics</i>, dans B'Or HaTorah, vol. 9, p. 95-103. Dans le style inimitable de George Burns (parlant pour D.ieu) : “Les mathématiques ! Encore l’une de mes erreurs !”</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR4a4242309" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote4a4242309" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef4a4242309">4.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Pour un exposé intelligent de ce concept pour le commun des mortels, voir John Gribbin, <i>In Search of Schrodinger's Cat</i>, Bantam, 1979. Gribbin rejette l’idée fausse répandue selon laquelle Heisenberg et ses collaborateurs parlent de notre incapacité à mesurer avec précision. Il s’agit en fait d’une caractéristique inhérente de l’univers, à savoir qu’il n’existe pas d’états parfaitement connaissables (dits “discrets”). Comme Heisenberg l’a lui-même dit aux philosophes de son temps : Sans causes discrètes, il n’y a pas d’effets prédéterminés – et le déterminisme disparaît.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR5a4242309" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote5a4242309" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef5a4242309">5.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Dans <i>Wholeness and the Implicate Order</i>, Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul, 1980.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR6a4242309" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote6a4242309" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef6a4242309">6.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Voir Tzvi Freeman, <i><a target="_blank" href="https://www.chabad.org/2778">Knowledge and Reality</a></i>, Chabad.org., 2001.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR7a4242309" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote7a4242309" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef7a4242309">7.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Dans <i>Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics</i>. Eugene Wigner devint plus tard le principal défenseur de cette idée, la seule hypothèse à être en compétition cohérente avec celle-ci étant le “Modèle à plusieurs mondes”. Qui n’est pas particulièrement originale.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR8a4242309" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote8a4242309" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef8a4242309">8.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Les hommes (chromosome Y) de Noé. Les femmes (ADN mitochondrial) d’Ève. Les femmes sur l’arche provenaient de différentes familles, tandis que les hommes venaient des mêmes père et mère.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR9a4242309" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote9a4242309" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef9a4242309">9.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Voir <i>responsum</i> de Rabbénou Asher (le “Rosh” 1250-1328) 68:23 pour une exposition très moderne de ce concept.</p>
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<span class="reader-name small_right_padding">barneaud</span>
<span class="reader-location small_right_padding">Paris</span>
<span class="comment-date" title="Wednesday, April 26, 2023 5:30:00 AM">April 26, 2023</span>
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bonjour<br />je dois me tromper mais j'ai l'impression que même si la Torah nous parle de la création dans le temps et les diverses étapes, j'ai l'impression que néanmoins il y a toujours le présent qui réunit le tout?
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