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<h1 class="article-header__title js-article-title js-page-title">L’histoire du Congrès International annuel des Émissaires du Rabbi de Loubavitch</h1>
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<h2 class="article-header__subtitle">Le Kinous HaChlou’him</h2>
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<span class="article-header__byline" data-kid="17954" data-author-bio="Alperowitz, Mendel"><a title="Browse more articles by Alperowitz, Mendel" href="/search/keyword_cdo/kid/17954/jewish/Alperowitz-Mendel.htm">par Mendel Alperowitz</a></span>
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Some 5,200 Chabad rabbis and guests from 86 different countries attended the Sunday-night gala banquet that concluded the 2015 International Conference of Chabad-Lubavitch Emissaries. (Photo: Eliyahu Parypa/Chabad.org)
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<p>Quelle que soit votre source de nouvelles sur la communauté juive, il y a de fortes chances qu’à cette période de l’année vous ayez vu quelque chose à propos d’un rassemblement très particulier à New York : le Congrès International des Émissaires du Rabbi de Loubavitch.</p>
<p>Voici l’histoire de ce congrès qui continue à façonner l’histoire.</p>
</section><section><h2>Qui sont les Chlou’him ?</h2>
<p>Les <i>Chlou’him</i> (pluriel de <i>Chalia’h</i>, qui signifie « agent » ou « émissaire ») sont des hommes et des femmes qui ont été envoyés par le Rabbi de Loubavitch, Rabbi Mena’hem Mendel Schneerson, de mémoire bénie, auprès des communautés juives partout dans le monde pour dédier leur vie au service du peuple juif. Vous les trouverez dans des endroits aussi éloignés que l’Inde, le Népal ou la Sibérie, mais également bien plus près de chez vous, dans votre propre communauté.</p>
<p>Ils œuvrent à relier les juifs à leur héritage, à augmenter la conscience juive et l’observance des mitsvot, et à enseigner la <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="39995">Torah</span>. Pourtant leur mission n’est pas seulement spirituelle ; le Rabbi les a chargés de découvrir quels sont les besoins spécifiques de leurs communautés respectives et de les leur procurer avec abnégation, en ouvrant leurs cœurs et leurs foyers et en aidant chaque Juif de toutes les manières possibles.</p>
<p>Immédiatement après avoir pris la tête du mouvement ‘Habad-Loubavitch, le Rabbi demanda personnellement à quelques-uns de ses disciples d’aller s’installer dans certains endroits pour y diffuser le judaïsme auprès des Juifs locaux. Par la suite, à mesure que le mouvement grandissait et que de plus en plus de communautés demandaient au mouvement Loubavitch de leur envoyer un représentant, les aspirants Chlou’him soumettaient des idées de lieux à l’approbation du Rabbi. Lorsque le développement atteignit des proportions importantes, sur la base de la règle talmudique selon laquelle un émissaire peut nommer un autre émissaire, le Rabbi encouragea les premiers Chlou’him à nommer eux-mêmes de nouveaux Chlou’him.</p>
<p>Aujourd’hui, il y a plus de 4 000 familles de Chlou’him dans 75 pays de tous les continents, perpétuant la mission impartie par le Rabbi de répandre en tous lieux les enseignements et l’inspiration de la <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1426382/jewish/Torah.htm" title="What Is the Torah?">Torah</a>.</p>
</section><section><h2>Qu’est-ce que le « Kinous HaChlou’him » ?</h2>
<p><i>Kinous</i> signifie en hébreu « rassemblement » ou « congrès ». Le Kinous HaChlou’him (le Congrès International des Émissaires du Rabbi de Loubavitch) est un événement annuel lors duquel des milliers de Chlou’him se rassemblent pour partager de l’inspiration, des idées et des objectifs, et qui les voit repartir rajeunis et prêts à poursuivre leur travail avec une vigueur et un enthousiasme renouvelés.</p>
</section><section><h2>Le premier Kinous HaChlou’him</h2>
<p>Au fil des années, le Rabbi encouragea la tenue de diverses réunions et conférences entre les Chlou’him dans différentes parties du monde. Lors d’un discours public à l’été 1983, le Rabbi évoqua un rassemblement de Chlou’him qui avait alors lieu en Israël et déclara qu’il serait approprié d’organiser un tel événement à New York.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('1a3840401');" name="footnoteRef1a3840401">1</a></p>
<p>Le Merkos L’Inyonei Chinuch (Organisation Centrale pour l’Éducation Juive) entra en action, épaulé d’un groupe de Chlou’him. À la fin de l’automne, sur la base de nombreux conseils du Rabbi, un plan fut élaboré et le 23 octobre 1983, le <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="41899">Rav</span> Yehouda Krinsky, membre du secrétariat du Rabbi et du comité directeur de l’organisation, qui avait été nommé président du congrès, informa officiellement le Rabbi que le prochain congrès pour les Chlou’him des États-Unis et du Canada aurait lieu le week-end suivant au siège mondial de ‘Habad-Loubavitch.</p>
<p>Le Rabbi répondit en donnant sa bénédiction pour le succès du congrès et consacra une longue allocution lors du <i>farbrenguen</i> de cette semaine-là au concept de <i>chli’hout</i> et à la responsabilité de chaque individu juif envers la totalité du peuple juif.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('2a3840401');" name="footnoteRef2a3840401">2</a></p>
<p>Environ 65 Chlou’him des États-Unis et du Canada participèrent au premier congrès. Le congrès nord-américain continua de prospérer pendant encore trois ans, à mesure qu’augmentait le nombre de Chlou’him en Amérique du Nord.</p>
<div align="center" class="imagetable w96 margin05 widen" width="450" >
<div class="imagecell">
<img src="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/693/KWNO6936932.jpg?_i=_nD6C4982354E8EEFCEA38DC71D819F450" alt="Participants in the second Shluchim Conference pose for a group photo in the main synagogue in 770 Eastern Parkway, the Lubavitch World Headquarters, in Brooklyn, N.Y." title="Participants in the second Shluchim Conference pose for a group photo in the main synagogue in 770 Eastern Parkway, the Lubavitch World Headquarters, in Brooklyn, N.Y." srcset="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/693/KWNO6936932.jpg?_i=_nD6C4982354E8EEFCEA38DC71D819F450 450w" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 450px, 100vw" loading="lazy" />
</div>
<div class="captioncell">
<div>
Participants in the second <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="36342">Shluchim</span> Conference pose for a group photo in the main synagogue in <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="19621">770 Eastern Parkway</span>, the <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34599">Lubavitch</span> World Headquarters, in Brooklyn, N.Y.
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section><section><h2>Le Kinous HaChlou’him International</h2>
<p>En 1987, à l’initiative du Rabbi, l’événement annuel prit une nouvelle tournure :</p>
<p>Commentant un rapport sur le kinous de 1986, le Rabbi déclara qu’il était temps de « rassembler le monde entier ».</p>
<p>C’était une tâche monumentale, mais à l’hiver 1987, pour la toute première fois, des Chlou’him de toutes les régions du monde furent invités à participer à un Kinous HaChlou’him international. Les participants à ce kinous décrivent la joie contagieuse qui imprégna l’événement, alors que des centaines de Chlou’him des coins les plus reculés du globe s’étaient rassemblés auprès du Rabbi.</p>
</section><section><h2>La participation du Rabbi</h2>
<p>Chaque année, le Rabbi ouvrait officiellement le kinous par un discours spécial (une <i>si’ha</i>) adressé aux Chlou’him pendant le <i>farbrenguen</i> du Chabbat.</p>
<p>Le Rabbi traitait habituellement du thème de la <i>Chli’hout</i> (l’œuvre des émissaires), à la fois tel qu’il apparaît dans la Torah et tel qu’il s’applique aux Chlou’him. Dans la mesure où le congrès est toujours tenu le Chabbat précédant le mois de <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="38894">Kislev</span>, la lecture de la Torah était ‘Hayé <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="39971">Sarah</span> ou Toldot, des sections qui évoquent toutes les deux l’envoi d’émissaires. Le Rabbi encourageait les Chlou’him, et leur suggérait des idées et de nouvelles initiatives.</p>
<p>En voici quelques exemples :</p>
<p>En 1986, le Rabbi appela à la création d’un bureau auquel les Chlou’him pourraient s’adresser pour recevoir une assistance dans leur travail (ce qui conduisit à la création du « <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/4420888/jewish/What-Is-Shlichus.htm" title="What Is Shlichus?">Shluchim</a> Office », le Bureau des Chlou’him).<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('3a3840401');" name="footnoteRef3a3840401">3</a></p>
<p>En 1987, après avoir officiellement accueilli tout le monde au premier « Kinous HaChlou’him International », le Rabbi annonça que, pour aider les Chlou’him en difficultés financières, le Merkos L’Inyonei Chinuch emploierait des fonds récemment reçus pour payer 10 pour cent de la dette de tout Chalia’h qui soumettrait une comptabilité certifiée de ses institutions, et leur prêterait les 90 pour cent restants, à charge pour eux de les rembourser au cours des quatre années suivantes.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('4a3840401');" name="footnoteRef4a3840401">4</a></p>
<p>En 1988, le Rabbi expliqua dans son allocution que non seulement les Chlou’him participent à un congrès international, mais leur travail chez eux est également d’envergure mondiale. Quand un Chalia’h dans une ville donnée enseigne à quelqu’un, dit le Rabbi, cet individu finira par transmettre cet enseignement à quelqu’un autre, qui le partagera à son tour avec un autre, déclenchant ainsi une réaction en chaîne de proportion planétaire.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('5a3840401');" name="footnoteRef5a3840401">5</a></p>
<p>En 1989, le Rabbi ajouta encore une autre dimension mondiale à la Chli’hout en demandant aux participants (et à tous les Juifs) d’encourager tous les peuples à vivre conformément aux Sept Lois de Noé et de faire ainsi du monde entier un lieu plus divin.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('6a3840401');" name="footnoteRef6a3840401">6</a></p>
<p>La même année, le Rabbi suggéra qu’on imprime un album spécial contenant des photographies des familles des Chlou’him ayant participé au kinous. Le Rabbi expliqua qu’il servirait de souvenir du kinous pour les Chlou’him.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('7a3840401');" name="footnoteRef7a3840401">7</a></p>
<p>L’année suivante, en 1990, le Rabbi étendit ce concept à celui d’un « Sefer HaChlou’him » [Livre des Chlou’him] incluant non seulement les photos des personnes présentes au congrès, mais des images de toutes les familles de Chlou’him dans le monde entier. C’est ainsi qu’un set de quatre volumes fut imprimé.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('8a3840401');" name="footnoteRef8a3840401">8</a> Une copie de ces volumes reste sur le bureau du Rabbi jusqu’à ce jour.</p>
<p>Le dernier kinous auquel le Rabbi put participer verbalement eut lieu en 1991. (Au début de 1992, le Rabbi souffrit d’un AVC qui l’empêcha de s’adresser aux Chlou’him l’année suivante.) Peut-être aussi dans le but de donner de l’inspiration pour les années à venir, le Rabbi parla aux Chlou’him cette année-là de l’arrivée imminente de <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/710293/jewish/Machiah.htm" title="Machia’h">Machia’h</a>, et les chargea de faire tout ce qui est en leur pouvoir pour amener l’ère messianique <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1886954/jewish/Le-combat-pour-la-Dlivrance.htm" title="Le combat pour la Délivrance">encore plus rapidement</a>.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('9a3840401');" name="footnoteRef9a3840401">9</a></p>
</section><section><h2>Le Kinous HaChlou’hot pour les femmes</h2>
<p>Au départ, le Rabbi avait exprimé le désir que le congrès se tienne simultanément pour les hommes et les femmes, et même pour les enfants.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('10a3840401');" name="footnoteRef10a3840401">10</a> Cependant, lorsqu’il s’avéra difficile d’organiser la garde des enfants pour les familles nombreuses dont les deux parents étaient absents, le Rabbi demanda aux organisateurs de prévoir des programmes pour les épouses qui avaient pu accompagner leurs conjoints à New York pendant ce qui était désormais devenu le kinous des hommes.</p>
<p>Depuis 1991, cependant, un kinous international des <i>chlou’hot</i> (les émissaires féminines) se tient également chaque année. À l’initiative des chlou’hot, sa date coïncide avec le <i>yahrtseit</i> (l’anniversaire du décès) de la femme du Rabbi, la Rabbanit ‘Haya Mouchka Schneerson, de mémoire bénie (le 22 Chevat), dont le souci et l’intérêt pour les Chlou’him étaient légendaires.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('11a3840401');" name="footnoteRef11a3840401">11</a></p>
<p>Le Rabbi consacrait une allocution spéciale aux participantes et <a target="_blank" href="http://www.chabad.org/818270">distribuait des dollars pour la charité et des bénédictions</a>. Il citait souvent l’enseignement talmudique selon lequel : « L’exode d’Égypte eut lieu grâce au mérite des femmes vertueuses de cette génération »,<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('12a3840401');" name="footnoteRef12a3840401">12</a> expliquant qu’à notre époque aussi, la transformation individuelle et globale se produit par le mérite des femmes vertueuses.</p>
<p>[Il est intéressant de noter qu’après la création du kinous des femmes, lorsqu’il reçut une proposition de programme pour le kinous des hommes, le Rabbi fit remarquer qu’il ne voyait rien d’organisé pour les femmes qui arriveraient aussi en ville et demanda que quelque chose soit prévu pour elles.]</p>
</section><section><h2>Les enfants aussi</h2>
<p>Depuis 1995, un programme spécial a été organisé pour les enfants des Chlou’him. Le Rabbi ne les considérait pas seulement comme des « enfants de Chlou’him », mais comme des Chlou’him à part entière, jouant un rôle intégral dans la mission de leurs parents.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('13a3840401');" name="footnoteRef13a3840401">13</a> Le kinous des filles a lieu en tandem avec le Kinous HaChlou’hot, et celui des garçons se tient parallèlement au congrès des hommes.</p>
<div align="center" class="imagetable w96 margin05 widen" width="450" >
<div class="imagecell">
<img src="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/693/FIco6936931.jpg?_i=_nD6C4982354E8EEFCEA38DC71D819F450" alt="The female division of the Young Shluchot Conference poses in front of 770 Eastern Parkway, the Lubavitch World Headquarters, in Brooklyn, N.Y." title="The female division of the Young Shluchot Conference poses in front of 770 Eastern Parkway, the Lubavitch World Headquarters, in Brooklyn, N.Y." srcset="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/693/FIco6936931.jpg?_i=_nD6C4982354E8EEFCEA38DC71D819F450 450w" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 450px, 100vw" loading="lazy" />
</div>
<div class="captioncell">
<div>
The female division of the Young <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="36327">Shluchot</span> Conference poses in front of <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/244369/jewish/About-Chabad-Lubavitch.htm" title="About Chabad-Lubavitch">770 Eastern Parkway</a>, the <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/244369/jewish/About-Chabad-Lubavitch.htm" title="About Chabad-Lubavitch">Lubavitch</a> World Headquarters, in Brooklyn, N.Y.
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section><section><h2>Les piliers des communautés</h2>
<p>Bien que les Chlou’him et les Chlou’hot aient consacré leur vie à servir le peuple juif, le Rabbi disait souvent que « tout le monde est un émissaire ». Ces dernières années, le kinous s’est élargi et inclut désormais un programme spécial pour les piliers des communautés. En tant qu’invités des Chlou’him, ces personnes participent à leur propre mini-congrès, partageant des expériences et puisant de l’inspiration les uns des autres. Ils se joignent aux Chlou’him pour le banquet de gala qui clôture l’événement.</p>
</section><section><h2>Le Kinous aujourd’hui</h2>
<p>À la place du discours du Rabbi, depuis la disparition du Rabbi en juin 1994, le kinous s’ouvre avec une visite collective du <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/449810/jewish/Le-Ohel.htm" title="Le Ohel">lieu où repose le Rabbi</a>, où les Chlou’him demandent au Rabbi bénédiction et inspiration pour le succès dans leur chli’hout et des bénédictions pour le peuple juif tout entier.</p>
<p>Dirigeant le kinous au nom du Merkos L’Inyonei Chinuch, la branche éducative du mouvement Loubavitch, le <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="41964">Rav</span> <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="39928">Moshe</span> Kotlarsky préside un comité de planification et une véritable armée d’employés et de bénévoles qui travaille toute l’année avec dévouement pour mettre en place l’immense logistique nécessaire au succès des deux congrès.</p>
<p>De fait du doublement, puis du triplement, puis du quadruplement du nombre de Chlou’him, il est devenu de plus en plus difficile de trouver un lieu d’accueil pour les congrès, en particulier pour le banquet de clôture auquel les soutiens et les parents des Chlou’him peuvent également participer. Ces dernières années, les organisateurs ont fait preuve de créativité en prenant des espaces bruts tels que des arsenaux et des docks et en les convertissant pour une nuit en une luxueuse salle de réception.</p>
<p>Le banquet final est diffusé <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/2121331/jewish/En-direct-du-Kinous-HaChlouhim.htm" title="En direct du Kinous HaChlou’him">en direct sur Chabad.org</a>, permettant à des dizaines de milliers d’internautes de suivre l’événement. Pour beaucoup de ces spectateurs, la vision de ces émissaires incroyablement dévoués célébrant le peuple juif avec une joie sans limites est une grande source d’inspiration.</p>
<p>Pour de nombreux Chlou’him, le kinous est le point culminant de l’année, un temps pour se recentrer, revivre, réfléchir et se réjouir.</p></section></div>
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<div id="footnoteTR1a3840401" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote1a3840401" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef1a3840401">1.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Hitvaadouyot 5743, vol. 4 p. 1907.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR2a3840401" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote2a3840401" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef2a3840401">2.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Hitvaadouyot 5744, vol. 1 p. 520-526.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR3a3840401" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote3a3840401" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef3a3840401">3.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Sefer Hasi’hot 5747, vol. 1, p. 95.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR4a3840401" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote4a3840401" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef4a3840401">4.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Sefer Hasi’hot 5748, vol. 1, p. 101-102.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR5a3840401" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote5a3840401" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef5a3840401">5.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Hitvaadouyot 5749, vol. 1, p. 365.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR6a3840401" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote6a3840401" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef6a3840401">6.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Hitvaadouyot 5750, vol 1, p. 395.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR7a3840401" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote7a3840401" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef7a3840401">7.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Sefer Hasi’hot 5750, vol 1, p. 140.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR8a3840401" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote8a3840401" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef8a3840401">8.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Sefer Hasi’hot 5751, vol. 1, p. 153.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR9a3840401" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote9a3840401" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef9a3840401">9.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Sefer Hasi’hot 5752 p. 97.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR10a3840401" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote10a3840401" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef10a3840401">10.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Hitvaadouyot 5743, vol. 4, p. 1907.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR11a3840401" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote11a3840401" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef11a3840401">11.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Voir la page de dédicace, Sefer HaChlou’him, vol. 1.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR12a3840401" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote12a3840401" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef12a3840401">12.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p><a href="/torah-texts/5452462/Talmud/Sotah/Chapter-1/11b" data-book-id="17216-5452462" title="Sota, 11b" target="_blank">Sota, 11b</a>.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR13a3840401" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote13a3840401" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef13a3840401">13.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Si’hot Kodech 5741 vol. 2, p. 541.</p>
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Son of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=8063\">Amram</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2303\">Jochebed</a>, younger brother of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=6762\">Miriam</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=7078\">Aaron</a>. Born in Egypt and raised by <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=10006\">Pharaoh’s daughter</a>. Fled to <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=10008\">Midian</a>, where he married <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=10007\">Zipporah</a>. Deployed by G-d to Egypt to liberate the Israelites. Visited <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2364\">ten plagues</a> upon Egypt, <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=299\">led the Israelites out</a>, and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1197\">transmitted to them the Torah</a> at <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9258\">Mt. Sinai</a>. Led the Israelites for forty years while they <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2609\">traveled in the desert</a>, all the while performing astonishing miracles and wonders. <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=7485\">Died</a> in the Plains of Moab, and succeeded by his disciple <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=3192\">Joshua</a>. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [260], kid: [70],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/73398/jewish/The-Story-of-Moses-in-the-Bible.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Story of Moses in the Bible',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_39971']={word: 'Sarah', text: ['(a) (1803-1677 BCE) First of the four <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=12180\"> Matriarchs</a>, wife of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=220\">Abraham</a>. Together with her husband, she was instrumental in converting thousands of people to monotheism. She was miraculously protected when she was abducted by the kings of Egypt and Philistine. She gave birth to <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2202\"> Isaac</a> at the age of ninety. She is buried in the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=8412\">Cave of Machpelah</a>. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [71], kid: [221],relatedArticleUrl: '/theJewishWoman/article_cdo/aid/2213073/jewish/Sarah-A-Woman-of-Fortitude.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Sarah: A Woman of Fortitude',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_39995']={word: 'Torah', text: ['(lit. teaching) (a) The Five Books of Moses (The Bible); (b) the overall body of Jewish religious teachings encompassing the whole body of Jewish law, practice and tradition'], article_count: [32844], kid: [1199],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/1426382/jewish/Torah.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'What Is the Torah?',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_41899']={word: 'Rav', text: ['(d. 247) His given name was Abba bar Aibu, but was known simply as \"Rav\" (\"rabbi\"). Last of the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=12574\">Mishnaic sages</a> and the first of the Babylonian <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1416\">Talmudic sages</a>. Born in Babylon, he studied in Israel in his youth, but returned to Babylon and studied in Nahardea, where he befriended <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=13916\">Samuel bar Abba</a> and was appointed as \"Inspector of the Markets\" by the exilarch. Rav later moved to Sura, where he founded a Torah academy and transformed the city into a center of Jewish scholarship.','(lit. “Rabbi”); the halachic authority and spiritual guide of a community'], article_count: [7,0], kid: [10222,11124],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/112292/jewish/Rav.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Rav',isVideo: false,};
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