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<h1 class="article-header__title js-article-title js-page-title">Une double identité</h1>
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<p><i>« <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34774">Jacob</span> ne sera plus désormais ton nom, mais bien Israël. Car tu as lutté avec le divin et les hommes, et tu l’as emporté. »</i> (Genèse 32, 29)</p>
<p>Ainsi parla l’ange avec lequel Jacob combattit une nuit entière avant sa rencontre historique avec Ésaü. Plus tard, nous lisons que D.ieu Lui-même apparut à Jacob et réitéra le changement de son nom en Israël.</p>
<p><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="32980">Abraham</span> avait également vu son nom changer (d’<span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35288">Abram</span> en Abraham) par D.ieu. Mais pour lui, le changement avait été absolu. Le <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33678">Talmud</span> va jusqu’à affirmer : « Quiconque appelle Abraham “Abram” transgresse une interdiction de la <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35041">Torah</span>, comme il est écrit : “Ton nom ne sera plus appelé Abram”. » À Jacob également, il fut dit « ton nom ne sera plus Jacob » et pourtant, la <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1426382/jewish/Torah.htm" title="What Is the Torah?">Torah</a> continue de l’appeler par les deux noms, alternant souvent entre Jacob et Israël dans un même récit, voire dans un même verset. Le peuple juif qui porte le nom de son illustre ancêtre est également nommé à la fois « Jacob » et « Israël ».</p>
<p>Le changement de nom d’Abraham, qui survint lorsqu’il se circoncit lui-même sur l’ordre de D.ieu, marqua son élévation d’Abram (« père exalté ») à Abraham (« père exalté de multitudes »). Le nom « Abraham » inclut toutes les lettres et toutes les significations présentes dans « Abram ». Le changement consista en l’ajout d’une lettre (le <i>hé</i>) et d’un rôle supplémentaires. Ainsi, appeler Abraham « Abram » revient à le réduire à son être et à son destin antérieurs.</p>
<p>En revanche, Jacob et Israël sont deux noms différents, qui possèdent chacun sa signification propre. S’il est vrai qu’Israël représente un état d’être plus élevé que Jacob (ainsi l’élément d’Israël en Jacob est de n’être « plus Jacob »), l’état de Jacob possède certaines vertus que le niveau d’Israël ne peut posséder. C’est ainsi que Jacob demeure un nom pour le troisième Patriarche et pour le peuple juif dans son ensemble. Israël peut représenter un degré supérieur dans le développement du Juif que Jacob, mais la grandeur du peuple juif réside dans le fait qu’il existe aussi bien des Juifs-Jacob que des Juifs-Israël, ainsi que des éléments de Jacob et d’Israël au sein de chaque Juif.</p>
</section><section><h2>Le guerrier spirituel</h2>
<p>Une expression de la différence entre les personnalités de Jacob et d’Israël se trouve dans la prophétie de <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34503">Balaam</span>, le prophète païen qui fut appelé pour maudire le peuple juif et qui se retrouva à prononcer l’une des plus belles odes à la vie juive et à la destinée du peuple juif contenues dans la Torah.</p>
<p>Dans la deuxième des interventions de Balaam, il y a un verset dans lequel il proclame :</p>
<p>« [D.ieu] ne voit aucune culpabilité en Jacob, ni aucune peine en Israël. »<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('1a1697496');" name="footnoteRef1a1697496">1</a></p>
<p>Cela implique que Jacob connaît la peine, bien que ses épreuves et ses difficultés ne résultent pas en culpabilité aux yeux de D.ieu. Israël, en revanche, jouit d’une existence tranquille, dénuée non seulement de culpabilité, mais aussi de peine.</p>
<p>La Torah nous donne deux interprétations du nom de Jacob. Jacob naquit en tenant le talon de son jumeau aîné, Ésaü. C’est ainsi qu’il fut nommé Jacob (<i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34197">Yaakov</span></i>, en hébreu) qui signifie : « au talon ». Des années plus tard, quand Jacob se déguisa en Ésaü pour recevoir les bénédictions qu’<span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34782">Isaac</span> destinait au plus âgé des frères, ce dernier proclama : « Pas étonnant qu’il soit appelé Jacob (« rusé ») ! Par deux fois, il m’a trompé : il m’a pris mon droit d’aînesse et maintenant il m’a pris mes bénédictions. »</p>
<p>Jacob représente le Juif dans le feu de la bataille de la vie. Une bataille dans laquelle il est souvent « au talon », ayant à faire avec les aspects les plus bas de sa propre personnalité et de son environnement ; une bataille qu’il doit mener furtivement et avec ruse, car il est dans un territoire ennemi et il doit déguiser ses véritables intentions pour pouvoir déjouer les manœuvres de ceux qui tentent de le piéger. Menacé par un monde hostile, miné par ses propres insuffisances et ses mauvais penchants, le Juif-Jacob n’a pas encore transcendé la condition axiomatique de son humanité : le fait que « l’homme est né pour peiner à la tâche »<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('2a1697496');" name="footnoteRef2a1697496">2</a> et que la vie humaine est une course d’obstacles jalonnée d’entraves à sa propre intégrité.</p>
<p>D.ieu ne voit pas de culpabilité en Jacob, car malgré tout ce à quoi Jacob doit faire face, il lui a été attribué la capacité de l’emporter sur chacun de ses détracteurs. Même s’il succombe momentanément à quelque défi intérieur ou extérieur, il ne perd jamais sa bonté et sa pureté intrinsèques qui finissent toujours par s’affirmer quelques réprimées qu’elles aient pu être par les épreuves de la vie. Mais s’il peut être sans péché, il n’est jamais sans peine, celle de la lutte pour se maintenir hors du péché. Pour Jacob, la guerre de la vie fait continuellement rage, quel que soit le nombre des batailles qu’il en a gagnées.</p>
<p>Israël (« maître divin »), d’un autre côté, est le nom donné à Jacob quand il a « lutté avec le divin et avec les hommes, et l’a emporté ». Israël représente le Juif qui l’a emporté sur sa propre humanité, ayant si pleinement intériorisé la perfection de son âme qu’il est désormais immunisé contre toutes les épreuves et toutes les tentations. Il l’a emporté sur le décret divin selon lequel « l’homme est né pour peiner » et s’est dessiné une existence tranquille au milieu des turbulences de la vie.</p>
<p>Aussi « Jacob » est notre nom lorsque nous sommes définis comme les « serviteurs » de D.ieu, alors qu’« Israël » est le nom par lequel D.ieu nous appelle quand Il s’adresse à nous en tant que Ses « enfants ». L’élément déterminant de la vie du serviteur est le service de son maître. Certes, l’enfant sert également son père, mais leur relation est telle que ce service n’est pas une peine, mais un plaisir. Ce qui, pour le serviteur, représente un travail imposé à la résistance de sa personnalité et de son environnement, est pour l’enfant la réalisation harmonieuse de son identité comme extension de l’essence de son père.</p>
<p>La première partie de la vie de Jacob fut consumée par sa lutte contre son frère Ésaü, une lutte qui commença dans le ventre maternel, se poursuivit dans leur dispute à propos de la <i>bekhorah</i> (le droit d’aînesse) et des bénédictions de leur père, et culmina dans le combat nocturne de Jacob contre l’ange d’Ésaü et le face à face des deux frères le jour suivant. Entre-temps, Jacob avait aussi passé vingt ans à peiner à la tâche, s’occupant des troupeaux de <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34790">Lavan</span> « l’Escroc », pendant lesquels « la chaleur me consumait le jour et le gel la nuit, et le sommeil était banni de mes yeux »<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('3a1697496');" name="footnoteRef3a1697496">3</a> et il n’eut d’autre choix que de devenir l’égal de Lavan en matière de tromperie pour déjouer ses mauvais desseins à son égard. Le changement du nom de Jacob en Israël marqua le point où, de serviteur de D.ieu, il devint l’enfant de D.ieu, où il passa d’une existence définie par la lutte et les conflits à une réalisation harmonieuse de sa relation avec D.ieu.</p>
</section><section><h2>Doux et amer</h2>
<p>Cependant, même après avoir été nommé Israël, Jacob continua à être aussi Jacob. La Torah utilise son ancien nom en même temps que le nouveau. Les événements de sa vie incluent désormais des périodes de tranquillité (comme les neuf ans depuis son retour de ‘<span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34852">Haran</span> en Terre Sainte jusqu’à la vente de <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33946">Joseph</span>, et les dix-sept années qu’il vécut en Égypte), mais aussi des périodes troublées (comme les vingt-deux ans qu’il pleura son bien-aimé Joseph).</p>
<p>En tant que père du peuple d’Israël, Jacob représente le modèle des deux états du Juif : le tranquille enfant de D.ieu, en paix avec lui-même, avec son D.ieu et avec la société, dont la vie harmonieuse est une source de lumière pour son entourage ; et le serviteur tourmenté de D.ieu, aux prises avec lui-même et avec son caractère, luttant pour sa relation avec D.ieu et sa place dans le monde. Car l’état d’être de Jacob n’est pas seulement une étape préalable nécessaire pour atteindre celui d’Israël, mais aussi une fin en soi, un rôle indispensable dans le plan du Créateur de la vie sur terre.</p>
<p>Selon les mots de Rabbi Chnéour Zalman de Lyadi<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('4a1697496');" name="footnoteRef4a1697496">4</a> : « Il existe deux types de plaisir devant D.ieu. Le premier vient d’une complète soumission du mal et de sa transformation de l’amertume en douceur et de l’obscurité en clarté par les <i>tsadikkim</i> [les justes parfaits]. Le second [plaisir] vient quand le mal est repoussé alors qu’il encore dans toute sa puissance... par l’initiative des <i>beinonim</i> [les intermédiaires]... L’analogie en est la nourriture matérielle dans laquelle existent deux types de mets délicats qui donnent du plaisir : le premier plaisir étant dérivé d’aliments sucrés et agréables et le second d’aliments forts et acides, qui sont épicés et préparés de telle manière qu’ils deviennent délectables et font revivre l’âme. »<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('5a1697496');" name="footnoteRef5a1697496">5</a></p></section></div>
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<div id="footnoteTR1a1697496" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote1a1697496" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef1a1697496">1.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Nombres 23,21.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR2a1697496" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote2a1697496" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef2a1697496">2.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p><a href="/library/bible_cdo/aid/16407/jewish/Chapter-5.htm#v7" data-book-id="11380-16407" title="Job&#160;5,7" target="_blank">Job 5,7</a>.</p>
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<p>Genèse 31,40.</p>
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<p>Tanya chapitre 27.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR5a1697496" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote5a1697496" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef5a1697496">5.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Basé sur un discours du Rabbi du 10 Chevat 5718 (30 janvier 1958).</p>
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if (typeof(glossary_items) == 'undefined') glossary_items={};glossary_items['g_32980']={word: 'Abraham', text: ['(a) (1813-1638 BCE) The first of the three <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2174\">Patriarchs</a>; the first Jew. He discovered G-d on his own and rejected the idolatry of his contemporaries. G-d commanded him to travel from his Mesopotamian homeland to Canaan, where He bequeathed the land to his descendants in the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9169\">Covenant between the Parts</a>. He successfully withstood ten tests with which G-d challenged him, including the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=4555\">Binding of Isaac</a> incident. Husband of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=221\">Sarah</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=222\">Hagar</a>, father of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=223\">Ishmael</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2202\">Isaac</a>--his heir. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [210], kid: [220],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/112356/jewish/The-Story-of-Abraham.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Story of Abraham',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_33678']={word: 'Talmud', text: ['the basic compendium of Jewish law and thought; its tractates mainly comprise the discussions collectively known as the Gemara, which elucidate the germinal statements of law (mishnayot) collectively known as the Mishnah; when unspecified refers to the Talmud Bavli, the edition developed in Babylonia, and edited at the end of the fifth century C.E.; the Talmud Yerushalmi is the edition compiled in the Land of Israel at the end of the fourth century C.E.'], article_count: [1005], kid: [2700],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/2537389/jewish/Talmud.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Talmud',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_33946']={word: 'Joseph', text: ['(a) (1562-1452 BCE) Son of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1477\">Jacob</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2283\">Rachel</a>, eleventh of the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=7080\">Twelve Tribes</a>. \
\
As the oldest son of his favored wife, Jacob loved him dearly and gave him preferential treatment, causing Joseph\'s brothers to envy him and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2356\">sell him into slavery</a>. He landed in Egypt, where, after enduring slavery and prison, he interpreted <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=10059\">Pharaoh’s puzzling dreams</a> and became viceroy of the land. During the famine that followed he brought his family down to Egypt, setting the stage for their <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=7113\">slavery</a> and ultimately their <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=299\">Exodus</a>. Buried in Joseph’s Tomb in <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=13067\">Shechem</a>. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [171], kid: [2224],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/143035/jewish/The-Story-of-Joseph-in-the-Bible.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Story of Joseph in the Bible',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_34197']={word: 'Yaakov', text: ['(a) (1653-1506 BCE) Third of the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2174\">Patriarchs</a>, son of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1476\">Rebecca</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2202\">Isaac</a>. A studious man, he incurred his twin brother <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1478\">Esau</a>’s wrath when he <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1475\">deceptively received Isaac’s blessings</a>. He fled to Padan Aram where he married <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1653\">Leah</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2283\">Rachel</a>. He fathered the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=7080\">Twelve Tribes</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1652\">Dinah</a>. He returned to Canaan but lived his final years in Egypt, where he went to be with his son <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2224\">Joseph</a>, viceroy of Egypt. He’s buried in the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=8412\">Cave of Machpelah</a> in <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=8411\">Hebron</a>. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [159], kid: [1477],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/112361/jewish/Who-Was-Jacob-in-the-Bible.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Who Was Jacob in the Bible?',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_34503']={word: 'Balaam', text: ['An anti-Semitic gentile necromancer and prophet. Commissioned by <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=13424\">Balak</a>, King of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=13425\">Moab</a>, to curse the Israelites. Despite his attempts to comply with Balak\'s wishes, G-d <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2608\">only allowed blessings to emit from his mouth</a>. He was eventually slain by the Israelites when they destroyed <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=10008\">Midian</a>.'], article_count: [29], kid: [2607],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/3715894/jewish/Balaam-and-Balak-The-Full-Story.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Balaam and Balak: The Full Story',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_34774']={word: 'Jacob', text: ['(a) (1653-1506 BCE) Third of the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2174\">Patriarchs</a>, son of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1476\">Rebecca</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2202\">Isaac</a>. A studious man, he incurred his twin brother <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1478\">Esau</a>’s wrath when he <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1475\">deceptively received Isaac’s blessings</a>. He fled to Padan Aram where he married <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1653\">Leah</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2283\">Rachel</a>. He fathered the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=7080\">Twelve Tribes</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1652\">Dinah</a>. He returned to Canaan but lived his final years in Egypt, where he went to be with his son <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2224\">Joseph</a>, viceroy of Egypt. He’s buried in the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=8412\">Cave of Machpelah</a> in <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=8411\">Hebron</a>. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [159], kid: [1477],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/112361/jewish/Who-Was-Jacob-in-the-Bible.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Who Was Jacob in the Bible?',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_34782']={word: 'Isaac', text: ['(a) (1713-1533 BCE) Second of the three <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2174\">Patriarchs</a>, son of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=220\">Abraham</a>\
\
and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=221\">Sarah</a>, husband of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1476\">Rebecca</a>, father of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1477\">Jacob</a> \
\
and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1478\">Esau</a>. First to be circumcised when eight days old. Readily accompanied his father to be sacrificed at the “<a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=4555\">Binding of Isaac</a>.” Primarily occupied himself with <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=13361\">digging wells</a>. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [90], kid: [2202],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/3937311/jewish/Isaac.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Isaac',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_34790']={word: 'Lavan', text: ['Son of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9994\">Bethuel</a>, brother of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1476\">Rebecca</a>, father of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1653\">Leah</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2283\">Rachel</a>. He employed his son-in-law <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1477\">Jacob</a> for twenty years and was a notoriously unscrupulous and dishonest individual.'], article_count: [31], kid: [2578],relatedArticleUrl: '/parshah/article_cdo/aid/1690855/jewish/Laban-the-Anti-Semite.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Laban the Anti-Semite',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_34852']={word: 'Haran', text: ['Former residence of Abraham’s family; where Jacob met and married his wives and lived for 20 years.'], article_count: [3], kid: [10886],relatedArticleUrl: '/parshah/article_cdo/aid/3861271/jewish/Making-the-World-Into-a-Home-for-G-d.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Making the World Into a Home for G-d',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_35041']={word: 'Torah', text: ['(lit. teaching) (a) The Five Books of Moses (The Bible); (b) the overall body of Jewish religious teachings encompassing the whole body of Jewish law, practice and tradition'], article_count: [28793], kid: [1199],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/1426382/jewish/Torah.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'What Is the Torah?',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_35288']={word: 'Abram', text: ['(a) (1813-1638 BCE) The first of the three <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2174\">Patriarchs</a>; the first Jew. He discovered G-d on his own and rejected the idolatry of his contemporaries. G-d commanded him to travel from his Mesopotamian homeland to Canaan, where He bequeathed the land to his descendants in the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9169\">Covenant between the Parts</a>. He successfully withstood ten tests with which G-d challenged him, including the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=4555\">Binding of Isaac</a> incident. Husband of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=221\">Sarah</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=222\">Hagar</a>, father of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=223\">Ishmael</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2202\">Isaac</a>--his heir. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [210], kid: [220],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/112356/jewish/The-Story-of-Abraham.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Story of Abraham',isVideo: false,};
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