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<h1 class="article-header__title js-article-title js-page-title">L’homme vivant</h1>
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<p>Le ‘<span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="38830">hassid</span> <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="41899">Rav</span> Ne’hemia de Dubrovna (1788-1852) a relaté avoir une fois vu un soldat russe être châtié par son commandant. Quel avait été le crime du soldat ? Lorsqu’il montait la garde lors d’une nuit d’hiver glaciale, ses pieds avaient gelés dans ses bottes. « Si tu t’étais rappelé ton serment de servir ton Tzar, lui lança l’officier, ce souvenir t’aurait maintenu au chaud. »</p>
<p>« Pendant 25 ans, déclara <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="41936">Reb</span> Ne’hemia, cet incident a inspiré mon service du Tout-Puissant. »</p>
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<p>Il peut être extrêmement difficile de définir ce qu’est « la vie », mais celle-ci est immédiatement reconnaissable. Une chose vivante est chaude, vibrante, exubérante. La froideur, l'apathie et la léthargie sont des signes de mort, même si la personne ou la communauté atteinte est techniquement vivante. Et la vie ne peut venir que de l'intérieur : lorsque nous savons pourquoi nous faisons quelque chose et que nous sommes enthousiastes à l’idée de ce qu’il en découlera, chacun de nos faits et gestes palpite de vitalité. Mais lorsque cette conscience et cet enthousiasme manquent, nos actions sont mortes et atones, et ni les discours de motivation les plus élaborés, ni les primes les plus lucratives ne pourront y insuffler de la vitalité.</p>
<p>Il y a trois siècles, la vie juive était dans un marasme léthargique. Les massacres et les persécutions avaient ravagé la communauté juive dans le corps et l'esprit. Les conditions éprouvantes – à cause desquelles tous les Juifs, à l’exception de quelques privilégiés furent forcés d'abandonner leurs études à un jeune âge pour contribuer à la subsistance familiale – avaient coupé les masses de la <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="39995">Torah</span>, l'élément vital de la conscience et de la connaissance de soi juives. Les élites savantes se tinrent à l'écart de leurs frères illettrés et les considérèrent avec mépris.</p>
<p>Techniquement, le Judaïsme était vivant. Les Juifs pratiquaient leur religion machinalement, mettant les Téfilines chaque matin de semaine, priant trois fois par jour, observant le Chabbat et les lois alimentaires. Mais l'étincelle de vie était de plus en plus ténue.</p>
<p>Et puis, le 18<sup>ème</sup> jour du mois hébraïque d'Eloul de l'an 5458 de la création (1698), un enfant nommé Yisrael (Israël) naquit. Rabbi Israël Baal Chem Tov ne rajouta rien de nouveau au Judaïsme, tout comme une âme n'ajoute « rien de neuf » au corps. Mais il lui insuffla une vie : la conscience, la chaleur et la joie. Le 18 Eloul 1734 – le jour de son 36<sup>ème</sup> anniversaire – le Baal Chem Tov commença à diffuser publiquement son message. Il parla de l'immense amour que D.ieu a pour chaque Juif, de la portée cosmique de chaque mitsva qu’un Juif effectue, de la signification divine qui réside en chaque brin d'herbe, en chaque événement, et dans chaque pensée dans l'univers. Il s’adressa aux masses affligées et aux savants reclus. Il donna un sens à leur existence, et ainsi la joie, et ainsi la vie.</p>
<p>Le 18 Eloul est également l'anniversaire de Rabbi Chnéour Zalman de Lyadi, le fondateur de la branche « ‘Habad » du 'Hassidisme. Rabbi Chnéour Zalman fut le disciple du disciple du Baal Chem Tov, Rabbi DovBer de Mézeritch, et se considérait de ce fait comme le petit-fils spirituel du Baal Chem Tov. Il était né exactement 47 ans après son « grand-père » le 18 Eloul 5505 (1745), et ses enseignements et ses actions conférèrent à l’œuvre de revitalisation du Judaïsme du Baal Chem Tov de plus grandes hauteurs mystiques, une plus grande profondeur intellectuelle et un plus vaste domaine d’application dans la vie quotidienne du Juif.</p>
<p><i>‘Haï Eloul</i>, le terme hébraïque pour « le 18 Eloul », signifie aussi « la vie d'Eloul » (les 22 lettres de la Langue Sainte servent également de nombres, de sorte que chaque mot possède une valeur numérique, dite <i>guematria</i>, et de nombreux nombres forment également des mots). C’est ainsi que les Rabbis de ‘Habad ont enseigné : « ‘Haï Eloul infuse la vie dans le mois d'Eloul, et à travers Eloul – qui est le mois de la compassion divine et notre propre mois d'introspection et de bilan – dans l'année tout entière et dans la vie tout entière du Juif. »</p>
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