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<h1 class="article-header__title js-article-title js-page-title">Que veut dire «Juif»?</h1>
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<h2 class="article-header__subtitle">Un peu d'histoire et beaucoup de sens</h2>
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<span class="article-header__byline" data-kid="12903" data-author-bio="Chein, Rochel"><a title="Browse more articles by Chein, Rochel" href="/search/keyword_cdo/kid/12903/jewish/Chein-Rochel.htm">par Rochel Chein</a></span>
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<p>Le terme « Juif » dérive du nom du quatrième fils de <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="40020">Jacob</span>, <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="40024">Judah</span> – <i>Yéhoudah</i> en hébreu – et peut avoir à l’origine uniquement désigné les descendants de <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="40498">Judah</span>, qui constituaient l’une des douze tribus d’Israël. Sur son lit de mort, Jacob assigna à Judah le rôle de chef et de roi ; prophétie qui s’accomplit en 869 avant l’ère commune lorsque l’ensemble des douze tribus se soumit au règne du roi <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="40081">David</span> de la tribu de Judah.</p>
<p>Après la mort du fils de David, le roi Salomon, un conflit scinda les douze tribus d’Israël en deux royaumes : le « Royaume de Judah » au sud, qui comprenait les tribus de Judah et de <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="36273">Benjamin</span> (ainsi que des Lévites et des prêtres) et qui avait pour centre la capitale Jérusalem et le Saint <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="38782">Temple</span> ; et le « Royaume d’Israël » au nord, qui comprenait les dix autres tribus.</p>
<p>Au 5<sup>ème</sup> siècle avant l’ère commune, le Royaume d’Israël fut conquis par le roi assyrien Sennachérib et les dix tribus furent exilées et perdues. Les seuls Israélites restants furent les habitants du Royaume de Judah, et le terme « <i>Yéhoudi</i> » ou « Juif » vint à désigner tous les Israélites, indépendamment de leur ascendance tribale.</p>
</section><section><h2>Le sens profond</h2>
<p>Il y a toutefois un sens plus profond au nom de « Juif ». La première personne à être appelé un Juif (<i>Yéhoudi</i>) dans les Écritures fut Mordékhaï (Mardochée), le héros de Pourim.</p>
<p>« Il y avait un homme, un <i>Yéhoudi</i>, à Chouchane la capitale, dont le nom était Mordékhaï ... un <i>Yémini</i> » (<span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="38797">Esther</span> 2, 5).</p>
<p>Le <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="38919">Talmud</span> (traité Méguilah 12b) s’interroge sur ce verset : « Il est appelé <i>Yéhoudi</i>, laissant entendre qu’il descend de Judah, puis il est appelé <i>Yémini</i>, signifiant qu’il est de la tribu de Benjamin ! » À quoi Rabbi Yo’hanane répond : « Il était bien de la tribu de Benjamin. Mais il fut quand même appelé <i>Yéhoudi</i> car il rejetait l’idolâtrie, et quiconque rejette l’idolâtrie est appelé un <i>Yéhoudi</i>. »</p>
<p>Les commentateurs expliquent que le nom <i>Yéhoudah</i> est de la même racine que le mot hébraïque <i>hodaah</i>, qui signifie reconnaissance ou soumission. Une personne qui reconnaît l’existence de D.ieu et se soumet à Son autorité – au point d’être prête à sacrifier sa vie pour la sanctification de Son nom – est appelée un <i>Yéhoudi</i>.</p>
<p>C’est pourquoi <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="37397">Abraham</span> est souvent désigné comme ayant été « le premier Juif ». Il fut en effet la première personne à utiliser son pouvoir cognitif pour découvrir et reconnaître le D.ieu unique, rejeter les pratiques idolâtres de ses ancêtres et de ses contemporains. Il répandit activement la vérité divine et fut prêt à donner sa vie pour cela. De ce fait, Abraham personnifia la « Judaïté » de nombreux siècles avant que ce terme n’entre dans le vocabulaire courant.</p></section></div>
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J&#39;ai lu avec attention l&#39;article cependant plusieurs questions me taraudent : <br />J&#39;ai bien compris que le mot &quot;Juif&quot; (Y&#233;houdi, en h&#233;breu) ? vient du mot &quot;reconnaissance&quot; (Hodaa, en h&#233;breu), parce que le juif reconna&#238;t et remercie le Cr&#233;ateur et sa cr&#233;ation mais pourquoi on continue de faire appeler &#39;vulgairement &quot; Juif et d&#39;&#234;tre &quot;rattach&#233;s&quot; au Peuple Juif alors que finalement c&#39;est Hodda est la profession de foi pour le Juda&#239;sme donc c&#39;est &#234;tre rattach&#233; &#224; sa croyance et &#224; sa religion. <br />Souvent lorsque je pose la question &#224; une personne qui s&#39;av&#232;re &#234;tre de confession juive de quelle origine elle est ? La r&#233;ponse syst&#233;matique est juive sauf que &#231;a n&#39;a pas de sens. La question porte forc&#233;ment sur l&#39;origine g&#233;ographique, sa nationalit&#233; et non son appartenance religieuse. Un fran&#231;ais ne dira pas qu&#39;il est chr&#233;tien mais fran&#231;ais, ou un arabe ne dira pas qu&#39;il est musulman mais arabe. Du coup, le mot &#39;juif&quot; perd son sens je trouve. Par contre je suis canan&#233;en ou isra&#233;lien a d&#233;j&#224; plus de sens.
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Anachronique
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Bonjour,<br />si on essaie de suivre: Abraham serait nomm&#233; Jehudi de mani&#232;re r&#233;troactive selon une appellation qui serait li&#233;e au nom d&#39;un de ses arri&#232;res arri&#232;re petit fils.<br /><br /><br /> 
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<span class="reader-name small_right_padding">michel veld</span>
<span class="reader-location small_right_padding">marseille, france</span>
<span class="comment-date" title="Wednesday, October 13, 2010 7:26:00 PM">October 13, 2010</span>
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<span class="subject block">
que veut dire juif?
</span>
le 5iem si&#233;cle avant l'&#233;re commune va de -401&#224; -500.l'exil de babylone se passe en -586 soit au 6iem si&#233;cle avant l'&#233;re commune.la conqu&#233;te du royaume d'israel ne peut donc pas s'etre pass&#233;e au 5iem si&#233;cle puisque elle s'est pass&#233;e avant.quand on calcule en &quot;moins&quot; on calcule dans l'autre sens et le 6iem est avant le 5iem et le 7iem avant le 6iem etc,etc...
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if (typeof(glossary_items) == 'undefined') glossary_items={};glossary_items['g_36273']={word: 'Benjamin', text: ['(a) (1553-1438 BCE) Son of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1477\">Jacob</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2283\">Rachel</a>, youngest of the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=7080\">Twelve Tribes</a>. With his brother <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2224\">Joseph</a>’s <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2356\">sale</a> and presumed death, he assumed the status of Jacobs’s favored son. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [21], kid: [8832],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/5305368/jewish/Benjamin-in-the-Bible.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Benjamin in the Bible',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_37397']={word: 'Abraham', text: ['(a) (1813-1638 BCE) The first of the three <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2174\">Patriarchs</a>; the first Jew. He discovered G-d on his own and rejected the idolatry of his contemporaries. G-d commanded him to travel from his Mesopotamian homeland to Canaan, where He bequeathed the land to his descendants in the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9169\">Covenant between the Parts</a>. He successfully withstood ten tests with which G-d challenged him, including the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=4555\">Binding of Isaac</a> incident. Husband of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=221\">Sarah</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=222\">Hagar</a>, father of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=223\">Ishmael</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2202\">Isaac</a>--his heir. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [210], kid: [220],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/112356/jewish/The-Story-of-Abraham.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Story of Abraham',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_38782']={word: 'Temple', text: ['the Holy Temple in Jerusalem'], article_count: [910], kid: [238],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/52754/jewish/The-Holy-Temple-an-Anthology.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Holy Temple: an Anthology',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_38797']={word: 'Esther', text: ['(a) (4th century BCE) First cousin of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1309\">Mordecai</a>, selected as <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=10809\">King Ahasuerus</a>\'s queen after <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=10284\">Vashti</a>\'s execution. At Mordecai\'s behest, she brought about Ahasuerus\'s annulment of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=13574\">Haman\'s</a> decree calling for the extermination of the Jews. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [76], kid: [1310],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/4297202/jewish/Who-Was-Esther.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Who Was Esther?',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_38919']={word: 'Talmud', text: ['the basic compendium of Jewish law and thought; its tractates mainly comprise the discussions collectively known as the Gemara, which elucidate the germinal statements of law (mishnayot) collectively known as the Mishnah; when unspecified refers to the Talmud Bavli, the edition developed in Babylonia, and edited at the end of the fifth century C.E.; the Talmud Yerushalmi is the edition compiled in the Land of Israel at the end of the fourth century C.E.'], article_count: [1796], kid: [2700],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/2537389/jewish/Talmud.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Talmud',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_40020']={word: 'Jacob', text: ['(a) (1653-1506 BCE) Third of the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2174\">Patriarchs</a>, son of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1476\">Rebecca</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2202\">Isaac</a>. A studious man, he incurred his twin brother <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1478\">Esau</a>’s wrath when he <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1475\">deceptively received Isaac’s blessings</a>. He fled to Padan Aram where he married <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1653\">Leah</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2283\">Rachel</a>. He fathered the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=7080\">Twelve Tribes</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1652\">Dinah</a>. He returned to Canaan but lived his final years in Egypt, where he went to be with his son <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2224\">Joseph</a>, viceroy of Egypt. He’s buried in the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=8412\">Cave of Machpelah</a> in <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=8411\">Hebron</a>. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [159], kid: [1477],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/112361/jewish/Who-Was-Jacob-in-the-Bible.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Who Was Jacob in the Bible?',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_40024']={word: 'Judah', text: ['(a) (1565-1466 BCE) Fourth son of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1477\">Jacob</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1653\">Leah</a>, fourth of the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=7080\">Twelve Tribes</a>. The leader of the Tribes, he encouraged his brothers to sell <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2224\">Joseph</a> rather than leave him to die, and later stood up to Joseph when <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=8832\">Benjamin</a>’s safety was at stake. Progenitor of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2417\">King David</a>, all the kings of the House of David, and the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=237\">Moshiach</a>. (b) A common Jewish name.','The southern region of the Land of Israel. After the northern Ten Tribes seceded from the Davidic dynasty (in the 8th century BCE), this region, inhabited by the tribes of Judah and Benjamin, remained under the reign of the kings from the tribe of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2223\">Judah</a>.'], article_count: [36,1], kid: [2223,13861],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/288958/jewish/The-Story-of-Judah-in-the-Bible.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Story of Judah in the Bible',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_40081']={word: 'David', text: ['(a) (907-837 BCE) A Bethlehem native, youngest son of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9270\">Jesse</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9269\">Nitzevet</a>. A shepherd boy, he rose to fame after slaying the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11968\">Philistine</a> hero <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11978\">Goliath</a>. This earned him the hand of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11969\">King Saul</a>’s daughter <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11979\">Michal</a> in marriage. Anointed by <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1356\">Samuel</a> to succeed Saul after the latter failed to annihilate <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2825\">Amalek</a>. This aroused Saul\'s jealousy, who then pursued him relentlessly. David became king after Saul’s death. During his monarchy, David successfully secured and expanded Israel’s borders, but was beset by a series of revolts and personal tribulations. Compiled the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2172\">Book of Psalms</a>. Succeeded by his son <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9298\">Solomon</a>. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [99], kid: [2417],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/463954/jewish/King-David.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'King David',isVideo: false,};
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